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Gass_i 
Book 



I 

LESSONS 



IN 



LATIN PARSING; 



CONTAINING THE OUTLINES OP THB 



LATIN GRAMMAR, 

DIVIDED INTO SHORT PORTIONS, 



AND EXEMPLIFIED BY 



APPROPRIATE EXERCISES IN PARSING. 



BY CHAUNCEY A. GOODRICH, 

Professor of Rhetoric and Oratory in Yale College, 



20th EDITION. 



DURRIE & PECK. 



PHILADELPHIA : 
SMITH AND PECK. 
1844. 






Entered, 

According to Act of Congress, in the year 1832, by 

CHAUNCEY A. GOODRICH, 

In the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Connecticut District. 



ADVERTISEMENT. 



This little work was commenced for the benefit 
of one of the author's children, who was entering 
on the study of the Latin language. It is now given 
to the public in the hope, that what has succeeded in a 
single instance, may prove generally useful ; — a hope 
which has been strengthened by the favorable recep- 
tion experienced by a similar introduction to the 
Greek language, which was prepared on a like oc- 
casion, about three years since. 

The principle on which both these works proceed 
is this, that the grammar of a language can never be 
fully impressed upon the memory, except in the act 
of 'parsing ; and that it is as useless, therefore, as it 
is tedious, for a child to spend three or four months 
upon the grammar, as a preparation for that which 
ought to be commenced at once. Most instructors 
have felt this, but have been unable to pursue any 
other course, from the character of the books which 
are generally used in parsing. The first page of the 
Epitome Historiae Sacrae, for example, supposes in 
the learner an acquaintance with every part of the 
Latin grammar. All have witnessed the perplexity 
and discouragement which are felt by most young 
persons, from the extent of the field which is opened 
thus suddenly before them. The confusion of mind 



4 ADVERTISEMENT. 

naturally produced by such a multitude of objects, 
too often gives rise to bad habits of study, if not to 
an unconquerable disgust for the whole pursuit. 

To obviate these difficulties, is the design of the 
present work. The Latin grammar is divided into 
short, distinct portions ; each of which is followed by 
a parsing lesson, containing no forms of inflection or 
construction, except such as are exemplified in that 
portion, or in those already gone over. The pupil 
is supposed, from the commencement, to know no- 
thing in advance of his lesson, except that est and 
sunt, are verbs, meaning is and are. Thus much 
it is necessary to assume, in order to frame a sen- 
tence, or distinct enunciation of thought, which is far 
more interesting to the learner, than a mere collec- 
tion of disconnected words. On this plan, the pupil 
begins to parse from the hour he enters on the study 
of the first declension ; and carries on this exercise, 
at every step, as new portions of the grammar are 
presented, till he reaches the last rule of Syntax. 
Each principle being thus presented by itself, and 
immediately exemplified by numerous instances, is 
clearly understood, and deeply impressed on the me- 
mory. At proper intervals the process is inverted, 
and lessons are given in turning English into Latin, 
an exercise which ought to be early commenced and 
constantly pursued. The whole is concluded with 
easy dialogues and stories, taken from Schellers 
Grammar, and the works of Erasmus, making the 
whole amount of Latin in the volume equal to that 
of the Epitome Historiae Sacrae, and of a far more 
amusing character, it is believed, than is found in 
most books of the kind. A translation is given of 
the earlier lessons, to relieve the pupil for a short 
time at the commencement, from the perplexity of 



ADVERTISEMENT. 5 

looking out the words. At a later period he will 
be expected to use the vocabulary which is append- 
ed to the volume. The examples chosen have been 
taken chiefly, with slight modifications, from the 
writings of Cicero, Caesar, and other elegant writers, 
or have been formed upon models, it is believed, of 
good authority. 

In the vocabulary, the pupil is left to decide the 
declension of nouns from the termination of the 
genitive, and to j^rrf out for himself, the perfect 
and supinBUf regular verbs of the first and fourth 
conjugations. This is done to habituate him to rely 
on general rules in such cases. 

In the conjugation of verbs, some supines given 
in the dictionaries, are omitted, on the authority of 
Hickie's grammar. 



March 15, 1832. 
1* 











PRONUNCIATION. 



*** The pupil should not study these rules till he reviews the 
book ; but the instructer should explain and enforce them from 
the commencement, in conversation. 



PLACE OF THE ACCENT, 

I. Words of two syllables have the accent always 
on the first; as, li'ber, le'go, a'des. 

II. In words of more than two syllables, 

1. If the penult (or last syllable but one) is long 7 
it takes the accent; as, amVcus, am&ham^ audi rem. 

2. If the penult is short or common^ the accent 
falls on the antepenult^ (or last syllable but two ;) as, 
temlp&riS) amav'gram, ten'ebris. 

Words with enclitics, as Yegnum'que, homines'?^, no* 
bis'cum, are considered as single words.* 

RULES FOR THE PENULT. 

As the place of the accent depends on the quantity of the pe- 
nult, the following rules should be inculcated on the pupil. 

I. A vowel before two consonants, or a double 
consonant (x, z, and j,) is long, by position ; as, 
inten 'do, prediz'it. 

* Enclitics are such words as que, ve t &c. added to others^ a$ 
if thoy were part of the word. 



Pronunciation. 7 

Exc. A vowel before a mute and liquid is common.* 

II. A vowel before another vowel is short; as, 
ratio, relig'io.t 

Exc. The genitives in ius, given on page 30, are 
long; and also e, having an i before and after it, as 
speciei. 

III. A diphthong is always long.t 

SOUND OF THE VOWELS. 

I. The final a, in words of more than one sylla- 
ble, has the sound of ah ; as pen'na. 

II. The penult, when accented, has a long sound 
if followed by a vowel or single consonant ; as, 6'men, 
amicus, a'des; but a short sound if followed by two 
consonants or the double consonant x ; as, ad 1 sum, 



Exc. 1. The first i in tibi and sibi is pronounced short, 
tibby, sibby. 

2. If the vowel in the penult is followed by a mute 
and liquid, or by a single consonant with A, it has the 
long sound ; as, ma'tris, tro'chus. 

III. The antepenult, when accented, has a short 
sound ; as, mem! or o, sid'era, facultat'ibus. 

Exc. 1. U before a single consonant has its long 

* The mutes are p, b ; t, d ; c, Jc, q, and g. The liquids are 
l } m, n, and r. 

t In all cases not included under these three rules, the penult 
is marked long (") or short (~) in the vocabulary. When the 
pupil begins to look out words, he should be instructed, there- 
fore, to observe in all cases, whether the penult is long or short, 
and lay the accent accordingly. 



8 Pronunciation. 

sound, as fvJglto; but before two consonants it follows the 
rule, as suff'icit 

2. A vowel in the antepenult, when followed by ano- 
ther vowel or the letter A, has the long sound ; as, aril- 
etes, tra'himvs. 

3. The antepenult is sounded long, when followed by 
a single consonant, and e or i in the penult with a vowel 
succeding ; as, ra'iio, do' ceo, ma'neo. But i in these 
circumstances remains short ; as, vid'eo. 

SOUND OF CONSONANTS. 

C and G are hard (like k, g) before <z, o, and u, as 
caveoy collum, gula; soft (like s, j) before e 3 i } and y % 
as celoj gener, gigno, Gyges. 

Ch has the sound of k; as, charta. 



LESSONS 

IN 

LATIN PARSING. 



NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES. 

A Noun is a word which can stand alone, or 
which we can think of without adding to it any other 
word. Thus, we can think of a book, a pen, or a 
crime, without joining to it any other word. 

An Adjective is a word which cannot stand 
alone, which we cannot think of without adding or 
joining it to some noun. Thus, we cannot think 
of my, of large, or of good, without saying my pen, 
a large book, a good horse, or something similar.* 
Hence it is called an adjective, because it must be 
joined or added to some noun, in order to make 
sense. 

Here let the pupil be asked, Is house a noun or an ad- 
jective? What is man, boy, love, anger? What is bad, 
long, short, small ? 

In the following phrases, let the pupil decide which is 
the noun, and which the adjective, by considering which 
can be thought of alone, and which must be added to a 
noun to make sense. 

* It has not been thought best, at first, to distinguish pronomi- 
nal adjectives from other adjectives, lest the young pupil should 
be perplexed. 



10 Nouns and Adjectives. 

My pen is good. Thy pen is bad. The arrow is short. 
The boys are playful. The girls are pretty. Anger is 
wicked. Friendship is pleasing. 

Nouns and adjectives are varied by number, gen- 
der, and case. 

There are two numbers, the singular, which de- 
notes one, as boy ; the plural, which denotes more 
than one, as boys. 

There are three genders, the masculine, feminine, 
and neuter. Sometimes a noun may be either male 
or female, according to its sex, and then it is said to 
be of the common gender. 

There are six cases, the nominative, genitive, da- 
tive, accusative, vocative, and ablative. 

Agreement and Government. 

Words are said to agree with each other, when 
they must be taken together in order to make sense. 
Thus, when we say a good hor^se, the adjective 
good, agrees with the noun, horse. So when we say 
"the man is here, the verb is, agrees with its nomina 
tive, man. 

We may always know what a word agrees with, 

by asking the question, Who? or What? Thus, 

Who isliere? Ans. The man. What is good? 

Ans. The horse. Let the pupil, therefore", ask 

these questions in every sentence. 

A word is said to govern another word, which de- 
pends upon it in the sentence. Thus, when we say 
Charles loves study, the verb loves, governs the noun, 
study. So when we say, I am going to church, the 
preposition to, governs the noun, church. Agree- 
ment and government are called Syntax. 



First Declension. 



15 



Tua est gloria victorias. 

Spuma undarum est alba. 

Mea indulgentia est causa 

turn inertias. 
Est masfna turba feminarum. 



Thine is the glory of the 

victory. 
The foam of the waves is 

white. 
My indulgence is the cause 

of thy idleness. 
There is a great crowd of 

women. 



5. Prepositions govern the accusative and abla- 
tive/ 

Tua ira est sine causa. 
Femince sunt pronce ad ^e- 

$w£ rixae inter puellas. 



In opaca silvd est ara. 
Sub undis sunt multas pre- 

iiosce gemmae. 
Mea pecunia est in tua area. 



Thy anger is without cause. 
Women are prone to com- 

plaints. 
There are contentions among 

the girls. 
1??, a dark grove is &% &Ztar. 
Under the waves are many 

precious jewels. 
My money is in thy trunk. 



The nouns filia and nata, a daughter; dea, a goddess ; 
anima, the soul; equa, a mare] famula, a female slave; 
liberta, a freed-ivoman ; mula, a female mule; have the 
dative and ablative in abus, to distinguish them from nouns 
of the second declension. 

Singular. 



Nominative, 

Genitive, 

Dative, 

Accusative, 

Vocative, 

Ablative, 


fiFia, 

nTiaa, 

fiTise, 

fil'iam, 

firia, 

fiTia, 


a daughter, 

of a daughter, 

to ox for a daughter, 

a daughter, 

a daughter, 

with or ly a daughter. 



* Here the pupil must be told which are prepositions. 



!i 



16 



Second Declension. 



Nominative, 

Genitive, 

Dative, 

Accusative, 

Vocative, 

Ablative, 



Plural. 

fil'iae, daughters, 

filia'rum, of daughters, 

filia'bus, to or for daughters, 

fil'ias, daughters, 

fil'iae, O daughters, 
filia'bus, with or by daughters. 

LESSON. 



Tutz filiae sunt formosae. 
Mea equa est alba. 
Magna est gloria nostras 

dece. 
Anima est eterna. 
Mece libertae sunt fidae. 
Nostra muiae sunt lent83. 



Thy daughters are beautiful. 

My mare is white. 

Great is the glory of our 

goddeSS. 

The soul is eternal. 

My freed -women are faithful. 

Our mules are slow. 



SECOND DECLENSION. 



Latin nouns of the second declension end in er, ir, 
wr, and us } which are masculine, and urn, which is 
neuter. 



NOUNS AND 


ADJECTIVES IN US, 

NOUNS. 

Singular. 


MASCULINE. 


Nominative, 


dom/inus, 


a lord, 


Genitive, 


dom'ini, 


of a lord, 


Dative, 


dom'ino, 


to a lord, 


Accusative, 


dom'inum, 


a lord, 


Vocative, 


dom'ine, 


lord, 


Ablative, 


dom'ino, 


with a lord. 





Second Declension. 


17 




Plural. 




Nominative, 

Genitive, 

Dative, 

Accusative, 

Vocative, 

Ablative, 


dom'ini, 

domino'rum, 

dom'inis, 

dom'inos, 

dom'ini, 

dom'inis, 

ADJECTIVE. 

Singular. 


lords, 
of lords, 
to lords, 

lords, 

lords, 

with lords. 


Nominative, 

Genitive, 

Dative, 

Accusative, 

Vocative, 

Ablative, 


tu'us, 

tu'i, 

tu'o, 

tu'um, 

tu'e, 

tu'o, 

Plural. 


thy, 
of thy, 
to thy, 

thy, 

thy, 

with thy. 


Nominative, 

Genitive, 

Dative, 

Accusative, 

Vocative, 

Ablative, 


tu'i, 

tuo'rum, 

tu'is, 

tu'os, 

tu'i, 

tu'is, 


thy, 
of thy, 
to thy, 

thy, 

thy, 

with thy. 



Note. 

Proper names in ius have the vocative in i, as Hora- 
tius, V. Horati; also fllius, a son, has fill ; and meus, 
my, has mi ; Deus, God, has Deus in the vocative 
singular ; and in the plural, dii and diis, instead of dei 
and deis. 

2* 



18 



Second Declension. 



LESSON ON NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES, IN US. 



Magna est gloria Domini. 

Deus est animus mundi. 
Undce ponti sunt tumidae. 

Verus amicus est magnus 

thesaurus. 
Oculi lupi sunt acuti. 

Dolus est scelestus. 

Mei agni sunt timidi. 

Tui equi sunt impavidi. 

Servi sunt dolosi. 

Magni thesauri sunt occuiti 
in ponto. 

In Sicilia sunt multi lupi. 

Tuus nuncius est fidus. 

In Italia sunt multi mendici 

Helvetii sunt amici Romani 
populi. 

Meus amicus est socius cul- 
pa. 

Sunt multi agni in campis. 

Locus pugnse est spatiosus 

campus. 
Est occultus locus in silvis. 

Est magna turba servorum 
in campo. 



GreoJ is the glory of the 

Lord. 
God is the soul of the world. 
The waves of the sea are 

swelling. 
A true friend is a great trea- 
sure. 
The eyes of the wolf arc 

sharp. 
Deceit is wicked. 
My lambs are timid. 
Thy horses are fearless. 
Slaves are deceitful. 
Great treasures are hidden 

in the sea. 
In Sicily are many wolves. 
Thy messenger is faithful. 
In Italy are many beggars. 
The Helvetians are friends 

of the Roman people. 
My friend is a partaker of 

the fault. 
There are many lambs in 

the plains. 
The place of the battle is a 

spacious plain. 
There is a hidden place in 

the woods. 
There is a great crowd of 

slaves i?& the plain. 



Second Declension. 



19 



NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES IN er, tr, AND ur, 


MASCULINE. 




NOUN. 








Singular. 






Nominative, 


pu'er, 




a boy, 


Genitive, 


pu'eri, 




of a boy, 


Dative, 


pu'ero, 




to a boy, 


Accusative, 


pu'erum, 




a boy, 


Vocative, 


pu'er, 




boy, 


Ablative, 


pu'ero, 
Plural. 




with a boy. 


Nominative, 


pu'eri, 




boys, 


Genitive, 


puero'rum, 




of boys, 


Dative, 


pu'eris, 




to boys, 


Accusative, 


pu'eros, 




boys. 


Vocative, 


pu'eri, 




boys, 


Ablative, 


pu'eris, 




with boys. 


But most nouns lose the e in the genitive, 


as, 


N. a'ger. G. 


a'gri. D. a'gro. A. 


a'grum, &c. 




ADJECTIVE. 








Singular. 






Nominative, 


te'ner, 




tender, 


Genitive, 


ten'eri, 




of tender, 


Dative, 


ten'ero, 




to tender, 


Accusative, 


ten'erum, 




tender, 


Vocative, 


te'ner, 




tender, 


Ablative, 


ten'ero, 
Plural. 




with tender. 


Nominative, 


ten'eri, 




tender, 


Genitive, 


tenero'rum, 




of tender, 


Dative, 


ten'eris, 




to tender, 


Accusative, 


ten'eros, 




tender, 


Vocative, 


ten'eri, 




tender, 


Ablative, 


ten'eris, 




with tender m 


But most adjectives lose the e in the 


genitive, &c. as, 


N. noster. 


G. nostri. D. nostro, 


&c. 





20 



Second Declension. 



LESSON ON NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES IN tT AND 11' 



Bonus puer est beatus. 
Sunt multi 1 pueri in cam- 

po? 
Magis'ter est in schola. 
Sunt multi 1 viri 3 in aula. 

Mei agni 4 sunt teneri. 5 
Nostri 6 libri 7 sunt in schola. 
Vestri 8 magis'tri sunt rig'- 

idi. 9 
Sunt multi 1 apri 10 in silvis. 11 

Gladii 12 viro'rum 3 sunt in 

aula. 
Meus caper est seger. 
TW agni 4 sunt nigri. 13 
Libri 1 puerorum sunt sor'- 

didi. 14 
Mei capri 15 sunt lascl'vi. 16 
Sunt multi &£7ii 4 in agris. 11 

Nostri 6 magis'tri sunt be- 
nigni. 18 



A good boy is happy. 
There are many boys in 2Ae 

plain. 
The master is m the school. 
There are many mer^ in the 

hall. 
My lambs are tender. 
Our books are in the school. 
Your masters are rigid. 

There are many Jo&rs in the 

ivoods. 
The swords of the men are 

in the hall. 
My goat is sick. 
Thy lambs &re black. 
The books of the boys are 

dirty. 
iff?/ goats are wanton. 
There are many Z&mSs in 

the fields. 
Our masters are kind. 



1 Multus. 2 Campus. 3 Vir. 4 Agnus. 5 Tener. 6 Nos- 
ter. 7 Liber. 8 Vester. 9 Rigidus. 10 Aper. 11 Silva. 
12 Gladius. 13 Niger. 14 Sordidus. 15 Caper. 16 Lascivi. 
17 Ager. 18 Benignus. 



Second Declension. 



21 



NOUNS AND 


ADJECTIVES IN U7H ) 
NOUN. 

Singular. 


NEUTER. 


Nominative, 


reg'num, 


a kingdom, 


Genitive, 


reg'ni, 


of a kingdom, 


Dative, 


reg'no, 


to a kingdom, 


Accusative, 


reg'num, 


a kingdom, 


Vocative, 


reg'num, 


kingdom, 


Ablative, 


reg'no, 
Plural. 


with a kingdom. 


Nominative, 


reg'na, 


kingdoms, 


Genitive, 


regno'rum, 


of kingdoms, 


Dative, 


reg'nis, 


to kingdoms, 


Accusative, 


reg'na, 


kingdoms, 


Vocative, 


reg'na, 


kingdoms, 


Ablative, 


reg'nis, 

ADJECTIVE. 

Singular. 


with kingdoms. 


Nominative, 


tu'um, 


thy, 


Genitive, 


tu'i, 


of thy, 


Dative, 


tu'o, 


to thy, 


Accusative, 


tu'um, 


thy, 


Vocative, 


tu'um, 


Othy, 


Ablative, 


tu'o, 
Plural. 


with thy. 


Nominative, 


tu'a, 


thy, 


Genitive, 


tuo'rum, 


of thy 


Dative, 


tu'is, 


to thy, 


Accusative, 


tu'a, 


thy, 


Vocative, 


tu'a, 


thy, 


Ablative, 


tu'is, 


with thy. 



22 



Second Declension. 



LESSON ON NOUNS AND ADJECTIVES IN U7TI. 

In this lesson all nouns and adjectives ending in a, areuiomi- 
natives plural from words in urn, unless otherwise stated*in the 
notes. 



Mea studia sunt ardua. 
Est opacum antrum in siU 

vis} 
In Deo 2 est meum auxilium. 
Folia nostrarum 1 rosarum 1 

sunt tenera. 
Mea verba sunt vera. 
Causa belli est incerta. 1 

Prcemia diligentiae l sunt 

magna. 
In stab'ulis 4 sunt multi 2 

equi? 
Regnum domini 2 est sempi- 

ternam. 
Fortuna 1 belli est dubia. 1 

Sunt multa idola in silvis. 1 

Sunt jurgia inter pueros. 3 

Sapientia 1 est ornamentum 

vitse, 1 
Inertia 1 est perniciosum vi- 

tium. 
Tua pr&cepta sunt grata. 
In Arcadia 1 est templum 

Musa'rum. 1 



My studies are arduous. 

There is a dark cave in the 
woods. 

In God is my help. 

The leaves of our roses are 
tender. 

My words are true. 

The cause of the war is un- 
certain. 

The rewards of diligence 
are great. 

In the stables are many 
horses. 

The kingdom of the Lord is 
eternal. 

The fortune of war is doubt- 
ful. 

There are many idols in the 
groves. 

There are quarrels among 
the boys. 

Wisdom is the ornament of 
life. 

Idleness is a pernicious 
vice. 

Thy precepts are pleasing. 

In Arcadia is a temple of 
the Muses. 



1 First declension, feminine, in #, ce. 2 Second declension 9 
masculine, in us } i. 3 Second declension, masculine s in er l i 
4 Stabulum, 



Third Declension. 



23 



NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 

Nouns of the Third Declension are very nume- 
rous, and have their genitive in is. 

Sermo, a speech, masc. 

Singular. 

N. ser'mo, a speech, N. 

G. sermo'nis, of a speech, 
D. sermo'ni, to a speech, 
A. sermo'nem, a speech, 
V. ser'mo, O speech, 

A. sermo'ne, with a speech. 



Plural 
serrno'nes, speeches, 



G. sermo'num, of speeches \ 
D. sermon'ibus, to speeches, 
A. serrno'nes, speeches, 

V. serrno'nes, O speeches^ 
A.sermon'ibus,m£A speeches. 

Some nouns in o make the genitive in inis, as N. homo, 
G. hommis. 

(Here study the first lesson, p. 26.) 

Rupes, a rock, fern. 

Singular. Plural. 



N. 


ru'pes, 


a rock, 


N. ru'pes, 


rocks, 


G. 


ru'pis, 


of a rock, 


G. ru'pium, 


of rocks, 


D. 


m'pi, 


to a rock, 


D. ru'pidus, 


to rocks, 


A. 


ru'pem, 


a rock, 


A. ru'pes, 


rocks, 


V. 


ru'pes, 


rock, 


V. ru'pes, 


rocks, 


A. 


ru'pe, 


with a rock. 


A. ru'pibus, 


with rocks. 



Some nouns in is are declined like rupes, but many 
increase in the genitive, as 

Lapis, a stone, masc. 

Singular. Plural. 



N. la'pis, 
G. lap'ldis, 
D. lap'idi, 
A. lap 'idem, 
V. la'pis, 
A. lap'ide, 



a stone, 

of a stone, 

to a stone, 

a stone, 

stone, 

with a stone. 



N. lap'ides, 
G. lap'idum, 
D. lapid'ibus, 
A. lap'ides, 
V. lap'ides, 
A. lapid'ibus, 



stones, 
of stones, 
to stones, 

stones, 

O stones, 

with stones, 



(Here study the second lesson, page 26.) 



24 



Third Declension. 



Honor or honos, honor, masc. 

Singular. Plural. 



N. 


ho'nor, 


honor, 


N. hono'res, 


honors, 


G. 


hono'ris, 


of honor, 


G. hono'rum, 


of honors, 


D. 


hono'ri, 


to honor, 


D. honor'ibus, 


to honors, 


A. 


hono'rem, honor, 


A. hono'res, 


honors, 


V. 


ho'nor, 


honor, 


V. hono'res, 


honors, 


A. 


hono're, 


with honor. 


A. honor'ibus, 


with honors. 






Iter, a journey, neut 






Singular. Plural. 


N. 


1'ter, 


a journey, 


N. Itin era, 


journeys, 


G. 


itin'eris, 


of a journey, 


G. itin'erum, 


of journeys, 


D. 


itin'eri, 


to a journey, 


D. itiner'lbus, 


to journey s t 


A. 


i'ter, 


a journey, 


A. itin'era, 


journeys, 


V. 


i'ter, 


journey, 


V. itin' era, 


journeys, 


A. 


itin'ere, 


with a journey. 


A. itmeribus,with journeys. 



(Here study the third lesson, page 27.) 

Flumen, a river, neut. 

Singular. Plural. 



N. 


flu'men, 


a river, 


N. 


flu'mina, 


rivers, 


G. 


flu'mmis, 


of a river, 


G 


flu'mmum, 


of rivers, 


D. 


flu'mini, 


to a river, 


D. 


flumin'ibus, 


to rivers, 


A. 


flu'men, 


a river, 


A. 


flu'mina, 


rivers, 


V. 


flu'men, 


river, 


V. 


flu'mina, 


rivers, 


A. 


flu'mine, 


with a river. 


A. 


flumin'ibus, 


with rivers. 



N. 
G. 
D. 
A. 
V. 
A. 



ver'itas, 

verita'tis, 

verita'ti, 

verita'tem, 

ver'itas, 

verita'te, 



(Here study the fourth lesson, page 27.) 

Veritas, truth, fern. 
Singular. Plural. 



truth, 
of truth, 
to truth, 

truth, 

O truth, 

with truth. 



N. verita'tes, 
G. verita'tum, 
veritat'ibus, 
verita'tes, 
verita'tes, 



truths, 
of truths, 
to truths, 

truths, 
O truths, 



veritat'ibus, with truths. 



(Here study the fifth lesson, page 28.) 



Third Declension. 



25 



N. 
G. 
D. 
A. 
V. 
A. 



6'pus, 

op'eris, 

op'eri, 

o'pus, 

o'pus, 

op'ere, 



Singular. 



Opus, a tvork, neut. 



a work, 

of a work, 

to a work, 

a work, 

O work, 

with a work. 



Plural 
N. op'era, 
G. op'erum, 
D. oper'ibus, 
A. op'era, 
V. op'era, 
A. oper'ibus, 



works, 
of works, 
to works, 

works, 

O works, 

with works. 



N. pa'rens, 
G. paren'tis, 
D. paren'ti, 
A. paren'tem. 
V. pa'rens, 
A. paren'te, 



(Here study the sixth lesson, page 28.) 

Parens, a parent, common gender. 
Singular. Plural. 



a parent, 

of a parent, 

to a parent, 

i a parent, 

O parent, 

with a parent. 



N. paren'tes, 
G. paren'tum, 
D. paren'tlbus, 
A. paren'tes, 
V. paren'tes, 



parents, 
of parents, 
to parents, 

parents, 
O parents, 



A. paren'tibus, with parents. 



(Here study the seventh lesson, page 29.) 
Sedlle, a seat, neut. 



Singular. 

N. sedi'le, 

G. sedl'lis, 

D. sedi'li, 

A. sedi'le, 

V. sedi'le, 

A. sedl'li, 



a seat, 

of a seat, 

to a seat, 

a seat, 

O seat, 

with a seat. 



Plural. 
N. sedil'ia, 
G. sedil'ium, 
D. sedil'ibus, 
A. sedil'ia, 
V. sedil'ia, 
A. sedil'ibus, 



seats, 
of seats, 
to seats, 

seats, 

O seats, 

with seats. 



Jusjurandum, an oath, neut. 

This is declined like jv^s of the 3d decl. and jurandum of the 2d, 

Singular. Plural. 



N. jusjuran'dum, 
G. jurisjuran'di, 
D. jurijuran'do, 
A. jusjuran'dum, 
V. jusjuran'dum, 
A. jurejuran'do. 



N. jurajuran'da, 

G. jurumjurando'rwm,* 

D. juribusjuran' dis, 

A. jurajuran'da, 

V. jurajuran'da, 

A. juribusjuran' dis. 



• The Genifcive, Dative, and Ablative plural, are not used, 
3 



26 



Third Declension. 



LESSONS ON NOUNS OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 

The gender of words of the Third Declension used in 
this lesson, will be found in the vocabulary, (p. 30 ;) and 
the nominative, if not used in the text, will be found hi 
the margin. 



nouns in o. 
Sermo Domini 2 est verus. 2 
Galli 2 sunt latro'nes. 5 
Est magna 1 contentio inter 

Gallos 2 

i 



Decima 1 legio est intra 
ros 2 



mu- 



multse 1 

> 2 



stationes 6 in 



Sunt 

campo, 
Hom'lnes 1 

vitium.* 
Nemo 3 est sine culpa, 1 



sunt proni 2 



ad 



Vir'gines sunt mcestce. 1 



First Lesson. 

The word of the Lord is true. 
The Gauls are robbers. 
There is a great contention 

among the Gauls. 
The tenth legion is within 

the walls. 
There are many stations in 

the plain. 
Men are prone to vice. 



No one is without fault 
The virgins are sad. 

nouns in es and is. Second Lesson. 



In Capito'lio 4 est Tarpeia 1 

rupes. 
Clades Gallo'rum 2 est im- 

mensa. 1 
Strages intra muros 2 est ne- 

fanda} 
Messes 1 ® sunt immensa} 
Est curva 1 vallis inter col- 

les. n 
Lapis est limes agri. 3 

Milites 12 sunt in Capitolino 2 
colle. 11 



In the Capitol is the Tar- 

peian rock. 
The destruction of the Gauls 



is immense. 



the 



The slaughter within 

walls is dreadful. 
The harvests are immense. 
There is a winding valley 

among the hills. 
A stone is the limit of the 

field. 
The soldiers are upon the 

Capitol hill. 



1 First declension, feminine, in a, a. 2 Second declension, 
masculine, in us, i, 3 Second decl. masc. in er, i. 4 Second decl. 
neuter, in vm, i. 5 Latro. 6 Static 7 Homo. 8 Nemo. 9 Virgo. 
10 Messi*. 11 Collis. 12 Miles. 



Third Declension. 



27 



Marcus 1 est magister 3 eq'ui-j Marcus is master of the 



turn. 6 

Mei 2 calcei 2 sunt apti 2 ad 
pedes. 6 



horsemen. 
My shoes are fitted to my 
feet. 



nouns in or, er, and ^r. Third Lesson. 



Magnus 2 est Ao?ior victo- 
rias. l 

Sunt multi 2 rumores 1 inter 
Senatores. 3 

Romani 2 sunt auctores 9 bel- 
li. 4 

£s£ altus 2 agger circa o^i- 
dum} 

Intra pari'etes 10 sz4tt£ multae 1 
muli'eres} 1 

Cicero est 2>ater patrias. 1 

Terra} est mater hominum. 12 

Aurum* est ro^r belli. 4 
$z^ multi 2 fures 13 in fifzci- 
Zi#. 1 



(xrmJ is the honor of the vic- 
tory. 

There are many rumors a- 
monfr £Ae Senators. 

The Romans are authors of 
the war. 

?%c^ zs a high mound a- 
round ^e town. 

Within the walls are many 
women. 

Cicero is father of his coun- 
try. 

TAe earth is tfAe mother of 
men. 

GWo 7 is ^6 strength of war. 

TAere are many thieves in 
Sicily. 



nouns in men. Fourth Lesson. 

The river is broad. 



Flumen est latum} 

Meum} crimen est magnum. 4 

Sol est lumen mundi. 2 

Crimina u hostium 15 sunt in- 

fanda. 4 
Agmenzest in itinere. 16 



My crime is great. 

The Sun is the light of the 

world. 
The crimes of the enemies 

are dreadful. 
The band is in the way. 



1 First declension, fern, in a, a. 2 Second decl. masc. in us, i. 
3 Second decl. masc. in er, i. 4 Second decl. neuter, in um, i. 
5 Eques. 6 Pes. 7 Rumor. 8 Senator. 9 Auctor. 10 Paries. 
HMulier. 12 Homo. 13 Fur. 14 Crimen. 15Hostis. 16 Iter. 



* 



/• 



28 



Third Declension. 



Est magnum 4 certamen inter 
ordines 5 civium. 6 

Nomen dictaturae 1 est terror 
plebum? 



There is a great contest be- 
tween the ranks of the ci- 
tizens. 

The name of the dictatorship 
is the terror of the peo- 
ple. 



nouns in as-atis, os-otis, us-utis. Fifth Lesson. 



Deus 2 est Veritas. 

Humilitas est via 1 ad digni- 
tatem? 

Dignitas tribunorum 2 est 
magna. 1 

Virtus est vera 1 nobilitas. 

Potestas regum 9 est incerta. 1 

Est conjuratio nobilitatis 10 
contra plebem? 

Homines 11 sunt proni 2 ad vo- 
luptates. 12 

Suavitas morum 13 est orna- 
mentum 4 vita. 

Honor est pramium* virtu- 
es. 14 

Dos tuae 1 filid est magna} 



God is £ra/A. 

Humility is the w<zy to dig*. | 
nity. 

The dignity of the tribunes 
is great. 

Virtue is £me nobility. 

TAe power of kings is un- 
certain. 

TAere is a conspiracy of the 
nobility against the people. 

Men are prone to pleasures. 

Sweetness of manners is the 

ornament of life. 
Honoris the reward of virtue. 



The dowry of thy daughter 
is large. 

nouns in us-oris t and us-eris. Sixth Lesson. 

Mira* sunt opera 15 Domini. 2 Wonderful are /Ae warfo of 

the Lord. 
The bodies of the men are 
many. 



Corpora™ virorum 3 sunt 
multa. 4 



1 First declension, fern, in a, ce. 2 Second decl. masc. in us, i. 
3 Second decl. masc. in ir, i. 4 Second decl. neuter, in %m % i. 
5 0rdo. 6Civis. 7Plebs. 8 Dignitas. 9 Rex. 10 Nobilitas. 
11 Homo. lSVoluptas. 13Mos. 14 Virtus. 15 Opus. 16 Corpus, 



Third Declension. 



29 



Virtus est decus civitatis. 5 



Meum i vulnus est occultum. 4 
Sidera 6 sunt lucida.* 



Virtue is the ornament of a 

state. 
My wound {5 hidden. 
The stars are shining. 

Seventh Lesson. 



urn. 



NOUNS IN S WITH A CONSONANT BEFORE IT. 

Piety towards parents is the 
ornament of youth. 

The serpent is cunning. 

Death for our country is ho- 
norable. 

The praise of the contest is 
with Scipio. 

Eloquence is the companion 
of peace. 

The Roman people is the 
conqueror of all nations. 

The soldiers are without a 
leader. 

Philosophy is tf^e mother of 
the arts. 



Pietas. erga parentes 1 est 

dec^s juventutis. 3 
Serpens est callidus. 2 
Mors pro patrid 1 est clara) 

Laus certammis 9 es£ penes 

Scipionem. 10 
Eloquentia 1 est comes pacis. 11 



Romanus 2 populus 2 es£ vic- 
tor cunctarum 1 gentium. 12 
Milites 13 sunt si?ie duce. 14 



Philosophia 1 est wflfor arti- 



1 First declension, fern, in a, a. 2 Second decl. mas. in us, i. 
3 Second decl. mas. in er } i. 4 Second decl. neut. in um % i. 5 Ci- 
vitas. 6 Sidus. 7 Parens. 8 Juventus. 9 Certamen. 10 Sci- 
pio. 11 Pax. 12 Gens. 13 Miles. 14 Dux. 15 Ars. 



30 



Vocabulary. 



VOCABULARY OP THE FOREGOING LESSON. 



Agmen-inis, n. 
Agger-erisj m. 
Ars-tis, f. 

Auctor-oris, com. gen. 
Certamen-inis, n. 
Cicero-onis, m. 
Civis-is, com. 
Civitas-atis, f. 
Clades-is, f. 
Collis-is, m. 
Comes-ltis, com. 
Conjuratio-onis, f. 
Contentio-onisj f. 
Corpus-oris, n. 
Crimen-inis, n. 
Decus-oris, n. 
Dignitas-atis, f. 
Dos, dotis, f. 
Dux, ducis, com. 
Eques-itis, com. 
Flumen-inis, n. 
Fur, furis, com. 
Gens, gentis, f. 
Homo-inis, com. gen. 
Honor-oris, m. 
Hostis-is, com. 
Humilitas-atis, f. 
Iter, itineris, n. 
Juventus-utis, f. 
Latro-onis, m. 
Laus-dis, f. 
Lapis -idis, m. 
Legio-onis, f. 
Limes-Itis, m. 
Lumen-inis, n. 
Mater-tris, f. 
Messis-is, f. 
Miles-itis, com. 
Mors-tis, f. 



Mos, moris, m* 
Mulier-eris, f. 
Nemo-inis, com. gen. 
Nemus-oris, n. 
Nobilitas-atis, f. 
Nomen-inis, n. 
Numen-Inis, n. 
Opus-eris, n. 
Ordo-inis, m. 
Parens-entis, com. gen. 
Paries-etis, m. 
Pater-tris, m. 
Pax, pacis, f. 
Pes, pedis, m. 
Pietas-atis, f. 
Plebs, plebis, f. 
Potestas-atis, f ; 
Rex, regis, m. 
Robur-oris, n. 
Rumor-oris, m. 
Rupes-is, f. 
Scipio-onis, m. 
Senator -oris, m. 
Sermo-onis, m. 
Serpen s-tis, com. 
Sidus-eris, n. 
Sol, solis, m. 
Statio-onis, f. 
Strages-is, f. 
Suavitas-atis, f. 
Terror-oris, m. 
Vallis-is, f. 
Veritas-atis, f. 
Victor-oris, m. 
Virgo-mis, f. 
Virtus-titis, f. 
Voluntas-atis, f. 
Voluptas-atis, f. 
Vulnus-eris, n. 



Fourth Declension. 



81 



FOURTH DECLENSION. 



Nouns of the fourth declension end in us, which 
are nearly all masculine, and u, which are neuter. 



Fructus, fruit, masc. 



Singular. 



Plural. 



N. fruct'us, 
G. fruct'us, 
D. fruct'ui, 
A. fruct'um, 
V. fruct'us, 
A. fruct'u, 



fruit, 
of fruit, 
to fruit, 

fruit, 

O fruit, 

withfruit. 



N. fruct us, 
G. fruct'uum, 
D. fruct'ibus, 
A. fruct'us, 
V. fruct'us, 
A. fruct'ibus, 



fruits, 
of fruits, 
to fruits, 

fruits, 

O fruits, 

with fruits. 



Cornu, a horn, neut. 



Singular. 



Plural. 



N. cor'nu, 
G. cor'nu, 
D. cor'nu, 
A. cor'nu, 
V. cor'nu, 
A. cor'nu, 



a horn, 

of a horn, 

to a horn, 

a horn, 

O horn, 

with a horn. 



N. cor'nua, 
G. cor'nuum, 
D. cor'nibus, 
A. cor'nua, 
V. cor'nua, 
A. cor'nibus, 



horns, 
of horns, 
to horns, 

horns, 

O horns, 

with horns. 



Domus, a house, fern. 
Domus is partly of the second declension. 



Singular, 
N. do'mus, a house, 

G, do'mus, or mi, of a house, 
D. dom'ui, or mo, to a house, 
A. do'mum, a house, 

V. do'mus, O house, 

A. do'mo, with a house. 



Plural 
N. do'mus, 
G. domo'rum,oruum 
D. dom'ibus, to 

A. do'mos, or -us, 
V. do'mus, O 

A. dom'ibus, with 



houses, 

of houses 
houses, 
houses, 
houses, 
houses. 



A few nouns have ubus in the dative and ablatira 
plural 



32 



Fourth Declension. 



LESSON ON THE FOURTH DECLENSION. 

All the nouns in us, given in this lesson, are of the 
fourth declension. 



Gloria 1 est fructus virtutis. 1 
Fructus amicitiae 1 sunt gra 

ti. 2 
TJrbs est sine senatu 6 sine 

plebe. 7 
Cursus stellarum 1 sunt sem- 

piterni. 2 
Varii 2 sunt eventus belli. 4 

Equitatus est sine duce. 8 

Exitus certaminis 9 est in- 

certus. 2 
Est magnus 2 concursus ho- 

minum. 10 
Adventus regis 11 est Isetus. 2 

Exercitus est sine victu. 12 

Gmitosauciorum 2 sunt mi- 

seri. 2 
Domus est ampla. 1 
Rex est in dextro 3 cornu. 



Glory is the fruit of virtue. 
The fruits of friendship &re 

pleasing. 
The city is without a senate, 

without a people. 
TAe courses of the stars arc 

eternal. 
Various are #Ae events of 

war. 
TAe cavalry is without a 

leader. 
TAe rem/£ of the contest is 

doubtful. 
TAere is a great concourse 

of men. 
7%e coming of the king is 

joyful. 
The army is without provi- 
sion. 
The groans of the wounded 

are dreadful. 
The house is large. 
The King is in the right 

wift^*. 



1 First decl. fern, in a, cb. 2 Second decl. masc. inus, i. 3 Sec- 
ond decl. masc. in er. 4 Second decl. neuter, in um, i. 5 Vir- 
tus-utis, fem. 6 Senatus-us. 7 Plebs, bis, fern. 8 Dux, ducis, com. 
9 Certamen-inis, neut. 10 Homo-inis, com. 11 Rex, regis, masc, 
12 Victus-ite. 



Fifth Declension. 



S3 



FIFTH DECLENSION. 

Nouns of the fifth declension end in es, and are 
of the feminine gender. 

Res, a thing, fern. 
Singular. Plural. 



N. res, 


a thing, 


N. res, 


things, 


G. rei, 


of a thing, 


G. re'rum, 


of things. 


D. rei, 


to a thing, 


D. re'bus, 


to things. 


A. rem, 


a thing, 


A. res, 


things, 


V. res, 


thing, 


V. res, 


things, 


A. re, 


with a thing. 


A. re'bus, 


with things. 



Dies is either masculine or feminine in the singular, 
and masculine in the plural. Merid'ies is masculine. 

Respublica, a comtnomvealth, fern. 

This is declined like res of the fifth declension, zii&publica of 
the first. 



Singular, 
N. respub'liea, 
G. reipub'licae, 
D. reipub'licas, 
A. rempub'licam, 
V. respub'liea, 
A. repub'lica. 



'** 






*:.?♦ 



Plural. 
N. respub'llcae, 
G. rerumpublica'rum, 
D. rebuspub'licis, 
A. respub'lfcas, 
V. respub'licae, 
A. rebuspub'licis. 



.♦.<: 



34 



Fifth Declension. 



LESSON ON THE FIFTH DECLENSION. 

The thing is manifest. 

The foundation of justice is 
truth. 

Various are the courses of 
things, various the events. 

The kinds of plants are in- 
finite. 

Faith without works is 
vain. 

The. Lord is the hope of his 
people. 

Great is the series of cau- 
ses. 



Res est manifesta. 1 

Fundamentum* justitiae 1 est 
fides. 

Variv sunt cursus 5 rerum, 
variP event us. 5 

Species piantarum 1 sunt infi- 
nite. 1 

Fides sine operibus* est 
vana. 1 

Dominus 2 est spes sui 2 pop- 
uli. 2 

Magna 1 est series causa- 
rum. 1 



IRREGULAR DECLENSION. 

Paterfamilias, a master of a family, masc. 



N. paterfamilias, 




Sing 


. N. Ju'piter, 


G. patrisfamil'ias, 


G Jo'vis, 


D. patrifamirias, 


D. Jo'vi, 


A. patremfamirias, 


A. Jo'vem, 


V. paterfamilias, 


V. Ju'piter, 


A. patrefamil'ias. 


A. Jo've. 


Vis, strength, fern. 


Bos, an ox ) or cow, com. 


Singular. Plural. 


Singular. Plural. 


N. vis, 


N. vi'res, 


N. bos, 


N. bo'ves, 


G. vis, 


G. vir'ium, 


G. bo'vis, 


G. bo'um, 


D. — 


D. vir'ibus, 


D. bo'vi, 


D. bo'bus, or bu'bus, 


A. vim, 


A. vi'res, 


IA. bo'vem, 


A. bo'ves, 


V. vis, 


V. vi'res, 


|y. bos, 


V. bo'ves, 


A. vi. 


A. vir'ibus. 


l A. bo've. 


A. bo'bus, or bu'bus. 



1 First decl. fern, in a, ce. 2 Second decl. masc. in us, i. 3 Se- 
cond decl. masc. in er, i. 4 Second decl. neuter, in um } i, 
5 Fourth decl. mas. in us } us. 6. Opus-eris, neuter. 



Adjectives. 



35 



ADJECTIVES. 

As the three genders of Adjectives are more common- 
ly taken together, the pupil will hereafter decline them m 
that way. 

ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND DECLENSION. 

Bonus, masc, bona, fern, bonum, neut. good. 



Singular. 




PI 


ural. 




N. bon^us, 


-a, 


■um, 


N. bon-i, 


-ae, 


-a, 


G. bon-i, 


-ae, 


-i, 


G. bon-orum, 


-arum 


-orum, 


D. bon-o, 


-ae, 


-o, 


D. bon-is, 


-is, 


-is, 


A. bon-um, 


-am, 


-um, 


A. bon-os, 


-as, 


-a, 


V. bon-e, * 


-a, 


-um, 


V. bon-i, 


-ae, 


-a, 


A. bon-o, 


-a, 


-o. 


A. bon-is, 


-is, 


-is. 



N. 


te'n-er, 


-era, 


-erum, 


G. 


ten-eri, 


-eras, 


-eri, 


D. 


ten-ero, 


-erae, 


-ero, 


A. 


ten-erum, 


-eram, 


-erum, 


V 


te'n-er, 


-era, 


-erum, 


A 


ten-ero, 


-era, 


-ero. 



Tener 3 tenera, tenerunij tender. 
Singular. Plural. 

N. ten-eri, -erae, -era, 
G. ten-erorum,-erarum, -ero- 
D. ten-eris, -eris, -eris, [rum, 
A. ten-eros, -eras, -era, 
V. ten-eri, -erae, -era, 
A. ten-eris, -eris, -eris. 

But most adjectives in er, as already stated, (page 11,) 
drop the e ; as, 

pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum, 

pulchri, pulchrae, pulchri, &c. 

(Here study the first lesson, page 38.) 

The following adjectives of the first and second declen- 
sions, ending in^s and er, have ius in the genitive, and i 
in the dative, and the other cases like bonus and tener. 
But alius has aliud, in the neu. sing. 



36 



Adjectives. 





Nom. 




Gen. 


Dot. 




Alius, 


alia, 


aliud ; 


alius ; 


alii, 


another. 


Nullus, 


nulla, 


nullum ; 


nullius ; 


nulli, 


none. 


Solus, 


sola, 


solum ; 


solius ; 


soli, 


alone. 


Totus, 


tota, 


totum ; 


totius ; 


toti, 


all. 


Ullus, 


ulla, 


ullum ; 


ullius ; 


mill, 


any. 


Unus, 


una, 


unum; 


unius ; 


uni, 


one. 


Alter, 


altera, 


alterum ; 


alterius ; 


alteri, 


the other. 


Uter, 


utra, 


utrum; 


utrius ; 


utri, 


either. 


Neuter, 


neutra, 


neutrum 


; neutrius; 


neutri, 


neither. 



(Here study the second lesson, page 38.) 

ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 

Felix, m. f. and n. happy. 
Singular. Plural. 



N. felix, 




N. felices, » felicia 


G. felicis, 




G felteium, 


D. felici, 




D. felicibus, 


A. fellcem, 


felix, 


A. felices, felicia, 


V. felix, 




V". felices, felicia, 


A. felice, or ci. 


A. felicibus. 


Prudens 


, m. f. and n. prudent. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


N. prudens, 




N. prudentes, prudentia, 


G. prudentis, 




G. prudenti um, 


D. prudenti, 




D. prudentibus, 


A. prudentem, prudens, 


A. prudentes, prudentia, 


V. prudens, 




V. prudentes, prudentia, 


A. prudente, or ti. 


A. prudentibus. 


Mitis, m. 


and f. ; mite, n. meek. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


N. mitis, 


mite, 


N. mites, mltia, 


G. mitis, 




G. mitium, 


D. miti, 




D. mitibus, 


A. mitem, 


mite, 


A. mites, mitia, 


V. mitis, 


mite, 


V. mites, mitia, 


A. miti. 




A. mitibus. 



Adjectives. 



37 



Acer or acris, m. acris, f. acre, 


n. sharp. 


Singular. 


Plural. 


N. a-cer or acris, acris, acre, 


N. a-cres, 


a-cres, a-cria, 


G. a-cris, 


G. 


a-crium, 


D. a-cri, 


D. 


ac-ribus, 


A. a-crem, a-crem, a-cre, 


A. a-cres, 


a-cres, a-cria, 


V. a-cer or acris, a-cris, a-cre. 


V. a-cres, 


a-cres, a-cria, 


A. a-cri. 


A. 


ac-ribus. 



RULES. 

1. Adjectives of the third declension have e or i in the 
ablative singular ; but if the neuter is in e t the ablative 
has i only. 

2. The genitive plural ends in ium, and the neuter of 
the nominative, accusative, and vocative, in ia: except 
comparatives, which have urn and a. 

Plus, more, has only the neuter gender in the singular, 
and is thus declined. 



Singular ■ 




M. F. N. Plural. 


N. plus, 


N. pi tires, plura, & pluria, 


G. pluris, 


G. plurium, 


D. 


D. pluribus, 


A. plus, 


A. plures, plura, & pluria, 


V. 


V. 


A. plure, or -i. 


A. pluribus. 


Duo and Tres are thus declined. 


Plural. Plural. 


N. duo, duos, duo, 


N. tres, tria, 


G. duorum, duarum, duorum, 


G. trium, 


D. duo'bus, dua'bus, duo'bus, 


D. tribus, 


A. duos 0r duo, duas, duo, 


A. tres, tria, 


V. duo, duse, duo, 


V. tres, tria, 


A. duo'bus, dua'bus, duo' 


DUS. 


A. tribus. 



In the same manner with duo, decline ambo, both. 
4 



38 



Lessons on Adjectives. 



Hereafter, in parsing, the pupil will decline the adjectives to- 
gether in all the genders, like bonus. 

LESSON ON ADJECTIVES OF THE FIRST AND SECOND 

First Lesson. 



DECLENSION. 

Proba vita est via ad cob- 

lum. 1 
Tua potentia est incerta. 
Meus films est spes 2 mece 

senectse. 4 
Est mira series 1 rerum. 2 

GENITIVES IN iuS. 

Est unus Deus, una fides. 2 
Dominus est Deus, non 3 est 

alius. 
Est nulla distantia* perso- 

narum. 4 
Nemo 5 est bonus, nisi 6 Deus 

solus. 
Est luctus 7 per totam civi- 

tatem* 
Apud Dominum non 3 est ulla 

distantia personarum. 4 



An upright life is the way 

to heaven. 
Thy power is uncertain. 
My son is the hope of my 

old age. 
There is a wonderful series 

of things. 

Second Lesson. 
There is one God, one faith. 
The Lord is God, there is 

not another. 
There is no distinction of 

persons. 
No one is good except God 

alone. 
There is grief throughout 

the whole city. 
With the Lord there is not 

any distinction of persons. 



LESSON ON ADJECTIVES OF THE THIRD DECLENSION. 



Felices* sunt sapientes. 10 
Humance 11 spes 2 sunt falla- 

ces. 12 
Galli Yi sxmi feroces xi in Z>eZ- 

Ztf. 15 
Spolia 16 hostium 17 inge?itia lE 

sunt. 



Happy are ZAe wise. 
Human hopes &re deceitful. 

TAe Gauls are ferocious in 

war. 
The spoils of the enemy & rg 

great 



1 Coelum-i, n. 2 Fifth declension. 3 Adverb. 4 First decl. 
5 Nemo-inis, com. 6. Conjunction. 7 Fourth declension. 8 Civi- 
tas-atis,f. 9 Felix-icis. 10 Sapiens-tis, m. 11 Humanus. 12Fal- 
lax-acis. 13 Gallus-i, m. 14 Ferox-ocis. 15 Bellum-i, n. 16 Spo- 
iium-i, n. 17 Hustes-is, com. 18 Ingens-tis. 



Comparison of Adjectives 



Omnis Italia est sub ditione 1 
Romanorum? 

Penes Deum 2 est omnis po- 
testas. 3 

Philosophia est mater omni- 
um bonarum artium} 

Justitia est immor talis. 

Omnes sunt proni advitium. 5 

Facilis est descensus* Aver- 
ni. 2 

Vita est brevis, ars 4 longa. 

Sunt duo sepulcra 5 in luco. 2 

Ambce sunt mece filise. 
Sunt tres turmce equitum. 7 



39 

All Italy is under the sway 

of the Romans. 
With God is all power. 

Philosophy is £Ag mother of 

all good &r^s. 
Justice is immortal. 
All are prone to vice. 
.Easy is £Ae descent of Aver- 

nus. 
Li/e is sAortf, art £0ftg\ 
There are two sepulchres in 

the grove. 
Both are ?;iy daughters. 
There are three &&?^s of 

horsemen. 



Comparison of Adjectives. 

There are three degrees of comparison, the posi- 
tive, the comparative, and the superlative ; as, Po- 
sitive, high ; Comparative, higher; Superlative, 



highest. 



RULE. 



RULE. 

Decline the positive down to the first case ending 
in i. Then add to that case -or for the comparative, 
and -ssimus for the superlative. Thus, 



Positive. 

N. altus, 
G. alti, 



Comparative. 
alti-oR, 



Superlative. 
alti-ssiMUS. 



1 Ditio-onis, f. 2 Second decl. mas. in us, i. 3 Potestas 
-atis, f. 4 Ars, artis, f. 5 Second decl. neuter, in um t u 
6 Descensus-us, m. 7 Eques-itis, com. 



40 



Comparison of Adjectives. 



In the same manner compare, aptus,//; cams, dear ; 
doctus, learned; ferus, savage; lsetus, joyful; latus, 
broad. Thus, too, 

Positive. Comparative. Superlative. 

N. mitis, 
G. mitis, 
D. miti, miti-oR, miti-ssraus. 

In the same manner compare, brevis, short ; dulcis, 
sweet ; mollis, soft ; lenis, light ; grandis, great ; utilis, 
useful ; vilis, vile. 

The comparative degree is thus declined, 

Mitior, m. and f. mitius, n. ; compar. meeker. 
Singular. Plural. 

N. mitio'res, mitio'ra, 

G. mitio'rum, 

D. mitior'lbus, 

A. mitio'res, mitio'ra, 

V. mitio'res, mitio'ra, 

A. mitior'ibus. 



N. mitior, mitius, 

G. mitio'ris, 

D. mitio'ri, 

A. mitio'rem, mitius, 

V. mitior, mitius, 

A. mitio're, or -ri. 



LESSON ON COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES. 

Additional Rules of Syntax. 

1. The comparative degree governs the ablative, 
when quam, than, is omitted. 

2. The superlative degree governs the gen. plural. 



Nullus locus 1 est dulcior 2 

patrid. 
Homines 3 sunt proniores 4 

ad vitium 5 qudm ad vir- 

tutem. 6 
Cicero erat doctissimus 1 Ro- 

manorum. 



No place is sweeter than 

our country. 
Men are more prone to vice 

than to virtue. 

Cicero was the most learned 
of the Romans. 



1 Locus-i, m. 2 Dulcis. 3 Homo-inis, com. 4 Pronus. 
5 Vitium-i, n. 6 Virtus-utis, f. 7 Doctus. 



Comparison of Adjectives. 



41 



Virtus 1 est prcestantior 2 au- 

ro. 3 
Libertas* est carior 5 vita. 
Nemo 6 est ditior 1 Crceso. 8 

Omnium? rerum 10 nocentissi- 

ma n est calumnia. 
' NullaheYlua. est prudentior 12 

elephant e. 13 
Eloquentia Ciceronis 14 est 

dulcior 15 melle. 16 
Roma?ii sunt bellicosissimi 11 

omnium 9 gentium. 18 
Justitia est prcestantissima 19 

omnium virtutum. 1 
Croesus 8 est ditissimus 1 ho- 

minum. 20 



Virtue is better than gold. 

Liberty is dearer than life. 

iVfl tme is richer than Croe- 
sus. 

0/ &ZZ things £Ae #10^ inju- 
rious is calumny. 

No beast is more prudent 
£M?* the elephant. 

The eloquence of Cicero is 
sweeter than honey. 

The Romans are the most 
warlike of all nations. 

Justice is the most excellent 
of all £Ae virtues. 

Croesus is £Ae richest of men. 



Irregularities in Comparison. 

1. When the positive ends in er, the superlative is 
formed by adding rimus to the nominative. 
Thus, 



Positive. 
Tener, 



Comparative. 
teneri-OR ; 



Superlative. 
tener-RiMus. 



In the same manner compare celer, swift; alacer, 
cheerful; celeber, famous ; volucer, swift; acer, sharp. 



1 Virtu s-ntis, f. 2 Prsestans. 3 Aurum-i, n. 4 Libertas 
-atis, f. 5 Cams. 6 Nemo-inis, com. 7 Ditis. 8 Croesus-i, m. 
9 Omnis. 10 Res-ei, f. 11 Nocens-entis. 1*2 Prudens-entis. 
13 Elephas-antis, m. 14 Cicero-onis, m. 15 Dulcis. 16 Mel, 
mellis, n. 17 Bellicosus. 18 Gens, gentis, f. 19 Praestans. 
20 Homo-inis. com. 
'4* 



42 



Comparison of Adjectives. 



Irregular Comparison. 

Bonus, Melior, optimus, good, better, best. 

Malus, pejor, pessimus, bad, worse, worst. 

Magnus, major, maximus, great, greater, greatest 

Parvus, minor, minimus, little, less, least. 

Multus, plurimus, much, more, most. 

Fern. Multa, plurima; neut. multum, plus, plurimum; 
plur. multi, plures, plurimi ; multse, plures, plurimae, &c. 

2. These five have the superlative in limus. 



Faci 


lis, facilior, facillimus, easy. 


Grac 


,ilis, gracilior, gracillimus, lean. 


Humilis, humilior, humillimus, low. 


Imbecillis, imbecillior, imbecillimus, weak. 


Simi 


lis, similior, similllmus, like. 


3. The following adjectives have regular compa- 


rativeSj but for the superlative differently. 


Citer, 


citerior, citimus, near. 


Dexter, 


dexterior, dextimus, right. 


Sinister, 


sinisterior, sinistimus, left. 


Exter, 


-erior, extimus or extremus, outward. 


Inferus, 


-ior, infimus or imus, below. 


Interus, 


interior, intimus, inward. 


Matarus, 


-ior, maturrimus or maturissimus,rz/?e. 


Posterus, 


posterior, postremus, behind. 


Superus, 


-nor, supremus or summus, high. 


Vetus, 


veterior, veterrlmus, old. 


4. The following adjectives are not used in the 


positive. 




Deterior, 


worse, deterrimus, worst. 


Ocior, 


swifter, ocissimus, swiftest, 


Prior, 


former, primus, first, 


Propior, 


nearer, proximus, nearest or next, 


Ulterior, 


farther, ultimus, farthest 



Comparison of Adjectives. 

The following want the superlative. 
Inclytus, inclytissimus, renowned* 



43 



Merltus, 


meritissimus, 


deserving. 


Novus, 


novissimus, 


new. 


Nuperus, 


nuperrimus, 


late. 


Par, 


parissimus, 


equal. 


Sacer, 


sacerrimus, 


sacred. 


The following want the 


superlative. 


Adoles'cens 


adolescentior, 


young. 


Diuturnus, 


diuturnior, 


lasting. 


In gens, 


ingentior, 


huge. 


Juvenis, 


junior, 


young. 


Opimus, 


opimior, 


rich 


Pi: onus, 


pronior, 


inclined downwards 


Satur, 


saturior, 


full. 


Senex, 


senior, 


old. 



LESSON ON IRREGULAR COMPARISON. 



Canes 1 sunt celeriores 2 lepo- 
ribus. 3 

Sicilia est celeberrima* in- 
sula. 

Aditus 5 ad regem 6 sunt fa- 
cillimi? 

Exercitus 9 est in extremis 9 
finibus 10 Suevorum. 11 

Est summa 12 inopia cibi. 13 

Marcus est primus 1 * in prce- 
lio 15 postremus 15 in fuga. 



The dogs are swifter than 

the hares. 
Sicily is a very celebrated 

island. 
The approaches to the king 

are very easy. 
The army is in the remotest 

borders of the Suevi. 
There is the greatest want 

of food. 
Marcus is first in battle^ 

last in flight. 



1 Canis-is, com. 2 Celer. 3 Lepus-oris, m. 4Celeber. 5Adi- 
tus-us, m. 6 Rex, regis, m. 7Facilis. 8 Exercitus-us, m. 9 Exter. 
10 Finis-is, m. 11 Suevus-i, m. 1*2 Superus. 13 Cibus-i, m. 
14 Prior. 15 Proelium-i, n. 16 Posterus, 






44 



Pronouns. 



Exercitus est in ultimo 1 dis- 
crimine. 2 

Usus 3 est optimus* magis'ter.™ 

Salus 5 populi 6 est suprema 7 
lex? 

Auctoritas 9 Marci 10 est max- 
ima 11 in omnibus 12 civitat- 
ibus. lz 

Milites H sunt in proximo 15 
colle. 16 

India est in extremis 1 " 1 regio- 
nibus 18 terra. 

Mea curae sunt plurimse. 19 



, The army is in the utmost 
danger. 

' Use is the best master. 

The safety of the people is 
the highest law. 

The authority of Marcus is 
very great in all the ci- 
ties. 

The soldiers are on the 
• nearest hill. 

India is in the extremest re- 
gion of the earth. 

My cares are very many. 



PRONOUNS. 



A Pronoun is a word which stands instead of a 



noun. 



Three of them are personal, ego, tu, sui; the 
other fifteen are adjective pronouns. 



1 Ulterior. 2 Discrimen-inis, n. 3 Usus-us, m. 4 Bonus 
5 Salus-utis, f. 6Populus-i, m. 7Superus. 8 Lex, legis, f 
9 Auctoritas-atis, f. 10 Marcus-i, m. 11 Magnus. 12 Omnis 
13 Civitas-atis, f. 14 Miles-itis, m. 15 Proprior. 16 Collis-is ? m 
17 Exter. 18 Regio-onis, f. 19 Multus. 20 Magister-i, m. 



• Thus, I stands for the name of the person who speaks ; thou t for tho 
name of the person addressed. 







Pronouns. 45 






Ego, I. 


N. ego, 
G. mei, 
D mihi, 


Singular. 


I, 

of me, 
to me, 


Plural. 
N. nos, we, 
G. nostrum, or nostri, of us, 
D. nobis, to us, 


A. me, 
V. 




me, 


A. nos, us, 
V. 



A. me, 



with me. A. nobis, 



with us. 



Tu, thou. 



Singula? 




Plural. 


N. tu, thou, "* 




" N. vos, ye or you, 


G. tui, of thee, 




G. vestrum or vestri, of you, 


D. tibi, to thee, 




D. vobis, to you, 


A. te, thee, 


> ox you. ^ 


A. vos, you, 


V. tu, thou, 




V. vos, ye or 3/024, 


A. te, with thee, ^ 




^ A. vobis, with you. 



Sui, 0/ himself^ of herself \ of itself. 
Singular. Plural. 



K- 

G. sui, himself her self it self 
D. sibi, himself herself &c. 
A. se, himself, &c. 

V. 

A. se, with himself &c. 



G. sui, of themselves, 
D. sibi, to themselves % 
A. se, themselves, 

V. — 

A. se, with themselves. 



N. il'le, 
G. illl'us, 
D. il'li, 
A. lTlum, 
V. il'le, 
A. il'lo, 



Hie, he. 
Singular. Plural. 

ilia, il'lud, IN. ilUi, il'lse, il'la, 
illl'us, illi'usjG.ill6Vum,illa'rum,illo'rum 



illi, 


il'li, 


D. il'lis, 


il'lis, 


il'lis, 


il'lam, 


il'lud, 


A. il'los, 


il'las 


il'la, 


il'la, 


il'lud, 


V. il'li, 


il'la?, 


il'la, 


il'la, 


il'lo. 


A. il'lis, 


il'lis, 


il'lis. 



46 



Pronouns. 



Ipse, he himself, and iste, are declined like Me ; only 
ipse, has ipsum in the nom. ace. and voc. sing. neut. 
Hie, hseCj hoc, this. 





Singular. 




Plural. 


N. hie, 


hsec, 


hoc, 


N. hi, hae, hsec, 


G. hujus 


;, hujus, 


hujus, 


G. horum, harum, horum, 


D. huic, 


* huic, 


huic, 


D. his, his, his, 


A. hunc, 


hanc, 


hoc, 


A. hos, has, hsec, 


V. hie, 


hsec, 


hoc, 


V. hi, has, hsec, 


A. hoc, 


hac, 


hoc. 


A. his, his, his. 




Is, ea, 


id; he, 


she, it, or that. 




Singular. 




Plural. 


N. is, 


ea, 


id, 


N. ii, eae, ea, 


G. ejus, 


ejus, 


ejus, 


G. eorum, earum, eorum, 


D. el, 


ei, 


ei, 


D. iis, or eis, 


A. eum, 


earn, 


id, 


A. eos, eas, ea, 


V.— — 






V. 


A. eo, 


ea, 


eo. 


A. iis, or eis. 



Quis, quce, quod, or quid ? which, what ? Or quis ? 
who? or what man? quce? who? or what woman? 
quod or quid ? what ? which thing ? or what thing ? 
thus, 

Singular. 
N. quis, quae, quod or quid, 
G cujus,cujus,cujus, 
D. cui,f cui, cui, 
A. quem,quam,quod or quid, 
V. — 
A. quo, qua, quo. 



Plural. 
N. qui, quae, quae, 
G.quorum, quarum,quorum, 
D. queis, or quibus, 

A. quos, quas, quae, 
V.— 
A. queis, or quibus. 

Qui, quce, quod, who, which, that ; as vir qui, the man 
who or that ; foemma quce, the woman who or that ; ne- 
gotium quod, the thing which or that ; genit. vir cujus, 
the man whose or of whom ; mulier cujus, the woman 



* Pronounced hike. 



+ Pronounced ki. 



Pronouns. 



47 



whose or of whom ; negotium cujus, the thing of which, 
seldom whose, &c. thus, 



Singular. 




Plural. 


N. qui, quae, 


quod, 


N. qui quae, quae, 


G. cujus, cujus, 


CUJUS, 


G. quorum,quarum,quorum, 


D. cui, cui, 


cm, 


D. queis,0rquibus, 


A. quern, quam, 


quod, 


A. quos, quas, quae, 


V. 




V. 


A. quo, qua, 


quo. 


A. queis,0rquibus. 



The other pronouns are derivatives, coming from ego, 
tu, and sui. Mens, my or mine; tuus, thy or thine; 
suus, his own, her own, its own, their own ; are declined 
like bonus, -a, -urn ; and noster, our ; vester, your ; like 
pulcher, -chra, -chrum, of the first and second declension; 
noster, -tra, -trum. 

COMPOUND PRONOUNS.* 

Pronouns are compounded variously : 

1. With other pronouns ; as, isthic, isthcec, isthoc, is- 
thuc, or istuc. Ace. Isthunc, isthanc, isthoc, or isthuc. 
Abl. isthoc, isthac, isthoc. Nom. and ace. plur. neut. is- 
thcec, of iste and hie. So illic, of ille and hie. 

2. With some other parts of speech ; as, hujusmodi, 
cujusmodi, &c. mecum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, vobis- 
cum, quocum, or quicum, and quibuscum. 

3. With some syllables added ; as, tute of tu and te, 
used only in the nom. egomet, tutemet, sulmet, through 
all the cases, thus, meimet, tulmet, &c. of ego, tu, sui, and 
met: hicce, hcecce, hocce ; hujusce, hisce, hosce ; of his 
and ce ; whence, hujuscemodi, ejuscemodi, cujuscemodi. 
So, idem, the same, compounded of is and dem, which is 
thus declined. 



* Not to be studied at first, except idenu 



48 



Pronouns. 



Singular. N. idem, 

G. ejus'dem, 

D. eidem, 

A. eundem, 

V. idem, 

A. eodem, 

N. ildem, 

G. eorun'dem, 

D. 

A. eosdem, 

V. ildem, 

A. 



Plural 



eadem, idem, 

ejus'dem, ejus'dem, 

eidem, eidem, 

eandem, idem, 

eadem, idem, 

eadem, eodem, 

eaedem, eadem, 

eoran'dem, eorun'dem, 
e'isdem, or iisdem, 
easdem, eadem, 

esedem, eadem, 

e'isdem, or iisdem. 
The pronouns which we find most frequently com 
pounded, are quis and qui. 

Quis in composition is sometimes the first, sometime? 
the last, and sometimes likewise the middle part of th 
word compounded ; but qui is always the first. 

1. The compounds of quis, in which it is put first, ai 
quisnam % who 1 quispiam, quisquam, any one; quisqu 
everyone; quisquis, whosoever ; which are thus declined 
Nominative. 



(luisnam, 
Quispiam, 
§Q,uisquam, 
Gtuisque, 
Quisquis, 



quoenam, 
qusepiam, 
quaequam, 
quaeque, 



Genitive. 

Cujusnam, 

Cujuspiam, 

Cujusquam, 

Cuj usque, 

Cujuscujus. 

And so in the other cases according to the simple quit 
But quisquis has not the fern, at all, and the neuter only 
in the nominative and accusative. Quisquam has also 
quicquam for quidquam ; accusative, quenquam % without 
the feminine. The plural is scarcely used. 



quodnam or quidnam. 
quodpiam or quidpiam. 
quodquam or quidquam, 
quodque or quidque. 
quidquid or quicquid. 
Dative. 

Cuinam. 

Cuipiam. 

Cuiquam. 

Cuique. 

Cuicui. 



■ 



Pronouns. 



49 



2. The compounds of quis, in which quis is put last, 
have qua in the nom. sing. fern. ; and in the nominative 
and accusative plur. neut. as aliquis, some ; ecquis, who? 
of et and quis ; also, nequis, siquis, nv/mquis, which for 
the most part are read separately ; thus, ne quis, si quis, 
num quis. They are thus declined : 
Nominative. 



Aliquis, aliqua, 


allquod 


or aliquid. 


Ecquis, ecqua or ecquae, 


ecquod 


or ecquid. 


Si quis, si qua, 


si quod 


or si quid. 


Ne quis, ne qua, 


ne quod 


or ne quid. 


Num quis, num qua, 


num quod or num quid 


Genitive, 




Dative. 


Alicujus, 




Alicui. 


Eccujus, 




Eccui. 


Si cujus, 




Si cui. 


Ne cujus, 




Ne cui. 


Num cujus, 




Num cui. 



3. The compounds which have quis in the middle, are 
ecquisnam, who ? unusquisque, gen. unius cujus que, every 
one. The former is used only in the nom. sing, and the 
latter wants the plural. 

4. The compounds of qui are quicunque, whosoever; 
quldam, a certain one ; qullibet, qulvis, any one, whom 
you please ; w r hich are thus declined : 

Nominative. 

quodcunque. 



Gulcunque, 
Quidam, 
(iuilibet, 
Qulvis, 



quicunque, 
quae dam, 
quaelibet, 
quae vis, 

Genitive. 
Cujuscunque, 
Cujusdam, 
Cujuslibet, 
Cujusvis, 
5 



quoddam or quiddarru 
quodlibet or quidlibet. 
quodvis or quidvis. 

Dative. 
Cuicunque. 
Cuidam. 
Cuilibet. 
Cuivis. 



50 



Pronouns. 



LESSON ON PRONOUNS. 



Penes me 1 est nulla culpa. 

In me 2 est nulla mora. 

liter nostrum est nocens? 3 

Penes te est culpa hujus 
cladis. 4 

In vobis est omnis mea spes. 5 

Actio 6 sola jtfer se est magna. 

llle est auctor 21 belli. 22 

In illis Ztfcis 7 sunt multi® 
dracones. s 

Iste est turpissimus 9 omni- 
um. 10 

Hie est dives 11 ille pauper. 12 

Discordia ordinum 13 esj pes- 

tis 14 hujus urbis. 15 
Neuter horum est innocens. 23 
Is locus est vacuus ab omni 

turbd. 
Ejus vita est sine macula. 
Penes eum es£ laus 16 certa- 

minisP 
Quis est i^/e tantus casus ? 18 

Q^<z sunt me& flagitia ? 19 
JHoc est idem quod illud 
(est) 



Tfi^A me is no /#^. 
J/i me is no delay. 
Which of us is criminal ? 
TFijfA thee is the fault 0/ 

this destruction. 
In you is all my hope. 
Action alone % itself is great. 
JiTe is #Ae author of the war. 
7/i those places are many 

dragons. 
i?e is basest of all. 

7%is one is ricA, the other 

poor. 
Discord of the ranks is the 

pest 0/ tfAis city. 
Neither of these is innocent. 
That place is free from all 

crowd. 
His life is without spot. 
With him is the praise of 

the contest. 
What is that so great mis- 

f or tune ? 
What are #iy crimes ? 
TAis is £Ae same which that 

(is.) 



1 Accusative. 2 Ablative. 3 Nocens-entis. 4 Clades-is, f. 
5 Spes-ei, f. 6 Actio-onis, f. 7 Locus-i, m. 8 Draco-onis, m. 
9 Turpis. 10 Omnis. 11 Dives-itis. 12 Pauper-eris. 13 Or- 
do-inis, m. 14 Pestis-is, f. 15 Urbs-Is, f. 16 Laus, laudis, fl 
17 Certamen-mis, n. 18 Casus-us, m. 19 Flagitium-ii, n* 
20 Multus-i. 21 AuctorJoris, m. 22 Bellum-i, n. 23 Innocent* 
entis. 



Pronouns. 



51 



Order in which words are placed. 

Hitherto words have heen placed in the English order. 
But the general principles of the Latin language are 
different. Some of these it is desirable the pupil should 
now understand. 



1. The adjective, if not emphatic, is commonly placed 
after the noun with which it agrees. 

Ira tua est sine causa. Thy anger is without cause. 

Puer bonus est beatus. A good boy is happy. 



2. The verb is very often put at the end of the clause 
or sentence. 



Vulnera 1 mea occulta sunt. 
Somnus 2 imago 3 mortis 4 est. 



My w r ounds are hidden. 
Sleep is an image of death. 



3. The genitive is commonly placed before the noun 
which governs it. 



Ccesaris 5 virtus 6 insignis est. 

Certaminis 1 laus s penes Eru- 
tum est. 



Cczsar's virtue is distin- 
guished. 

The praise of the contest is 
with Brutus. 



4. An emphatic word stands in the most prominent 
part of the sentence, and commonly at the beginning. 



Magna est Veritas. 9 
Mors 4 pro patria clara est. 



Great is truth. 
Death for our country is 
honorable. 



1 Vulnus-eris, n. 2 Somnus-i, m. 3 Imago-mis, f. 4 Mors-tis, f. 
5 Caesar-eris, m. 6 Virtns-utis, f. 7 Certamen-inis, n. 8 Laus 3 
iaudis, f. 9 Veritas-atis, f. 



52 Verbs. 

VERBS. 

A verb is a word which signifies to be, to do, or 
to suffer. 

Verbs are of three kinds, active, passive, and 
neuter. 

An active verb denotes an action which passes from 
an agent to an object ; as, Charles strikes John. 

A passive verb denotes the receiving of some action 
from another ; as, Charles is struck. 

A neuter verb expresses simply the state or condition 
of a thing ; as, J sit, I walk. Here the act does not 
pass beyond the agent himself. 

Adverb, Conjunction, and Interjection. 

As the adverb, conjunction, &c. will hereafter be used 
occasionally in the sentences selected, the following defi- 
nitions should now be learned. 

An Adverb is a word which qualifies verbs, adjec- 
tives, or other adverbs ; as, He feels strongly; It is very 
warm. 

Some adverbs are compared like the neuter of adjec- 
tives; as, saepe, often; seepius, very often; ssepissime, 
most often. 

Conjunctions are words which connect other words. 
Such are et, and ; que, and ; sed, but ; &c. 

Interjections are words thrown in to express emotion ; 
as, O, heu, alas, &c. 

Rule for Translating. 
Take, first the nominative, with its adjective, 
genitive, or other words belonging to it — next the 
verb, with any adverb, which may qualify it — then 
the word governed by the verb, or the nominative 
after it— lastly the preposition, if there is one, with 
the word governed by it. 



Verbs. 53 

Sum is an irregular verb, and is thus conjugated : 

Pres. Indie. Pres. Infin. Perf. Indie. 

Sum, esse, fui. To be. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense, am. 

Singular. Plural. 

gl. Sum, lam, Sumus, We are, 

£2. Es, Thou art or you are, Estis, Ye or you are t 

^ 3. Est, He is ; Sunt, They are. 

Imperfect, was. 

1. Eram, I teas, Eramus, We were, 

2. Eras, Thou wast or you were, Eratis, Ye or you were, 

3. Erat, He was; Erant, They were. 

Perfect, have been or was. 

1. Fui, I have been, Fuimus, We have been, 

2. Fuisti, Thou hast been, Fuistis, Ye have been, [been. 

3. Fuit, He has been ; Fuerunt, or ere, They have 

Pluperfect, had been. 

1. Fueram, I had been, Fueramus, We had been, 

2. Fueras, Thou hadst been, Fueratis, Ye had been, 

3. Fuerat, He had been ; Fuerant, They had been. 

Future, shall or will. 

1. Ero, I shall be, Erimus, We shall be, 

2. Eris, Thou wilt be, Eritis, Ye will be, 

3. Erit, He will be; Erunt, They will be. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense, may or can. 

1. Sim, I may be, Simus, We may be, 

2. Sis, Thou mayest be, Sltis, Ye may be, 

3. Sit, He may be ; Sint, They may be, 

Imperfect, might, could, would, or should. 

1. Essem, I might be, Essemus, We might be, 

2. Esses, Thou mightest be, Essetis, Ye might be, 

3. Esset, He might be ; Essent, They might be, 

5* 



54 Verbs. 

Perfect, may have. 

1. Fuerim, I may have been, Fuerimus, We may have 

been t 

2. Fueris, Thou may est have Fueritis, Ye may have 

been, been, 

3. Fuerit, He may have been; Fuerint, They may have 

been. 

Pluperfect, wight, could, would, or should have ; or had. 

1. Fuissem, I might have Fuissemus, We might have 

been, been, 

2. Fuisses, Thou mighiest Fuissetis, Ye might have 

have been, been, 

3. Fuisset, He might have Fuissent, They might have 

been ; been. 

Future, shall have. 

1. Fuero,/ shall have been, Fuerimus, We shall have been 9 

2. Fueris, Thou wilt have Fueritis, Ye will have been t 

been, 

3. FueritjiTe will have been ; Fuerint, They will have been. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

2. Es or esto, Be thou, Este or estote, Be ye, or be you 9 

3. Esto, Let him be ; Sunto, Let them be. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Pres. Esse, To be, 

Perf. Fuisse, To have been, 

Fut. Esse futurus, -a -um, To be about to be, 

Fuisse futurus, -a -um, To have been about to be. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Future, Futflrus, -a -um, Abwt to be. 



Verbs. 55 

In parsing verbs let the pupil follow one uniform plan, 
in accordance with the following questions : 

What part of speech ? Conjugate. What conjuga- 
tion ?* What voice ?* What mood ? What tense ? De- 
cline the tense. Which person and number ? 

A vocabulary will be found on the 57th page. 

Indicative Mood. 

Ego sum publicus nuncius populi Romani. 
Tu es par'ticeps crim'inis. 1 
Vita nostra pulvis et umbra est. 
Nos sumus omnes proni ad vitium. 
Alpes sunt montes 2 altissimi 3 inter Galliam et 
Italiam. 

Auctofitas ejus erat magna apud omnes civitates. 4 

In principio, arbitriaprincipum 5 pro legibus 6 erant. 

Penes consulem 7 culpa fuit tantae cladis. 

Helena causa fuit belli Trojani. 

Castra hostium 8 in conspectu fuerunt. 

Urbs in maximo 9 periculo fuerat. 

Semper tu eris pauper. 

Mens sapientis 10 semper erit tranquilla. 

Multi primi 11 erunt ultimi. 12 

Subjunctive Mood. 

Memor sis quam brevis vita est. 



* These questions do not apply to Sum, but should be asked in entering on 
regular conjugations. 

1 Crimen. 2Mons. 3Altus. 4Civitas. BPrinceps. 6 Lex. 
7 Consul. 8 Hostis, 9 Magnus. 10 Sapiens. 11 Prior. 12 
Ulterior. 



56 Verbs. 

Si amicus tuus cautus esset, salvus esset. 

Mors pro patria gloriosa fuisset. 

Ubi fuerit superbia, ibi erit contumelia. 

Imperative Mood. 
Estote igitur prudentes ut serpentes. 

Participle. 
Ego futurus sum miles. 

Compounds of Sum.* 

Sum is united with a number of the prepositions • 
as Absum, / am absent ; Desum, I am wanting ; 
Adsum, / am present. 

In prosum, I aid, the letter d is inserted after o 
when followed by e ; as 3 

Present. 

Sing. Pro'sum, prodf'es, protest, 

Plur. Pro'sumus, procfes'tis, pro'sunt. 

So Imper. prod'eram ; Perf. profui ; Pluperf. 
profu'eram; Fut. prod'ero; Subjunc. Present,, 
pro'sim ; Imper. prorfess'em ; Perf. profu'erim ; 
Pluperf. profuiss'em ; Fut. profu'ero. 



• These verbs should be learned at the present time, and examples wiB 
occur hereafter. 



Vocabulary. 



57 



VOCABULARY FOR LESS 

Ad, prep. to. 

Altus-a-um, adj. high, altior, 
altissimus. 

Alpes-ium,f.tf^ Alps,no sing. 

Amlcus-i, m. a friend. 

Apud, prep. with. 

Arbitrium-i, n. decision. 

Auctoritas-atis, f. authority. 

Bellum-i, n. war. 

Brevis-is-e, adj. short. 

Castra-orum,n.ca?ttp,no sing. 

Causa-se, f. a cause. 

Cautus-a-um, adj. cautious. 

Civitas-atis, f. a city. 

Clades-is, f. destruction. 

Conspectus, us, m. sight. 

Consul-ulis, m. a consul. 

Contumelia-ae, f. contumely. 

Crirnen-inis, n. a crime. 

Culpa-ae, f. a fault. 

Ego, pron. /. (see page 45.) 

Et, conj. and. 

Gallia-ae, f. Gaul. 

Gloria-ae, f. glory. 

Gloriosus-a-um, adj. glori- 
ous. 

Helena-se, f. Helen. 

Hostis-is, com. an enemy. 

Ibi, adv. there. 

Igitur, conj. therefore. 

In, prep. in. 

Intet, prep, between. 

ls,ea,id, pron. he. she, it, that. 

Itaiia-se, f. Italy. 

Lex, legis, f. law. 

Magnus-a-um, adj. great. 

Memor-oris, adj. mindful. 

Mens, mentis, f. mind. 

Miles-itis, c. a soldier. 

Mons,montis.m, a mountain. 

Mors, mortis, f. death, 
Multus-a-um 3 adj. many. 



ON ON THE VERB SUM. 

Nomen-mis, n. a name. 
Nos, see Ego. 

Noster-tra-trum,adj.pron.ottr. 
Nuncius ii, m. a messenger. 
Omnis-is, e. adj. all. 
Particeps-ipis, m.a partaker. 
Patria-se, f. country. 
Pauper-eris, adj. poor. 
Penes, prep. with. 
Periculum-i, n. danger. 
Populus-i, m. people. 
Princeps-ipis, m. ruler. 
Principium-i, n. beginning.^ 
Prior,superlative,primus, adj. 
first, (see page 42.) 

Pro, prep. for. 

Pronus-a-um, adj. prone. 

Prudens-entis, adj. prudent. 

Publicus-a-um, adj. public. 

Pulvis-eris, m. dust. 

Q,uam, adv. how. 

Romanus-a-um, adj. Roman. 

Salvus-a-um, adj. safe. 

Sapiens-entis, adj. wise. 

Sempiternus-a-um, adj. ever* 
lasting. 

Semper, adv. always. 

Serpens-entis, m. a serpent. 

Si, conj. if. 

Superbia-ae, f. pride. 

Tantus-a-um, adj. so great. 

Tranquillus-a-um,a. tranquil 

Trojanus-a-um, adj. Trojan. 

Tu, pron. thou. (seep. 45.) 

Tuus-a-um, adj. pron. thy. 

Ubi, adv. where. 

Ulterior-us, superlative, ulti- 
mus, adj. last, (see p. 42.) 

Umbra-se, f. a shadow. 

Urbs, urbis, f. a city. 

Vita-ae, f. life. 

Vitium-ii, n. vice. 



58 Verbs. 

When potiSj able, is united with Sum, they make 
by contraction the verb possum, lam able } or I can % 
which is thus declined. 

Possum, potul, posse, To be able. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present, am able. 

Sing. Pos'sum, po'tes, po'test. 

Plur. Pos'sumus, potes'tis, pos'sunt. 

Imperfect, was able. 

Sing. Pot'eram, pot'eras, pot'erat. 

Plur. Potera'mus, potera'tis, pot'erant. 

Perfect, have been able. 
Sing. Pot'ui, potuis'ti, pot'uit. 

Plur. Potu'imus, potuis'tis, potue'runt,-u6t-6. 

Pluperfect, had been able. 
Sing. Potu'eram, potu'eras, potu'erat. 

Plur. Potuera'mus, potuera'tis, potu'erant. 

Future, shall or will be able. 
Sing. Pot'ero, pot'eris, pot'erit. 

Plur. Poter'imus, poter'itis, pot'erunt. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD, 

Present, may be able, 
Sing. Pos'sim, pos'sis, pos'sit. 

Plur. Possi'mus, possi'tis, pos'sinf* 

Imperfect, might be ablt. 
Sing. Pos'sem, pos'ses, pos'set. 

Plur. Posse'mus, possess, pos'sent 

Perfect, may have been able. 
Sing. Potu'erim, potu'eris, potu'erit. 

Plur. Potuer'imus, potuer'itis, potu'erint 




59 

right have been able. 

£i?rgC"Potuis'sem, potuis'ses, potuis'set. 

Plur. Potuisse'mus, potuisse'tis, potuis'sent. 

Future, shall or will have been able. 

potu'eris, 
potuer'itis, 

INFINITIVE. 

Present, Pos'se. Perfect Pot uis'se. The rest wanting. 



Sing. Potu'ero, 
Plur. Potuer'imus, 



potu'erit. 
potu'erint. 



ACTIVE VERBS. 

There are four conjugations of verbs. 

The first has a long, before re of the infinitive. 

The second has e long. 

The third has e short. 

The fourth has i long, before re of the infinitive. 

Dare, of the first conjugation, has a short. 
Formation, 

All the parts of the verb are formed from four, 
viz. 



Pres. Pres. Perf. 

Indicative. Infinitive. Indicative. 

1st Conj. A'mo, amare, amavi, 

2d Conj. Do'ceo, docere, docui, 

3d Conj. Le'go, legere, legi, 

4th Conj. Au'dio, audire, audivi, 



Supine. 

amatum. 
doctum. 
lectum. 
audltum. 



Let the pupil conjugate the following verbs. 

First Conj. Apto, to jit ; euro, to take care of; 
pugno, to fight ; laudo, to praise. 

Second Conj. Habeo, to have ; debeo, to owe ; 
jnoneo, to admonish ; taceo, to be silent. 



60 Verbs. 

Third Conj. Facio, to make, or do; fugio, to 
flee ; capio, to take. 

Fourth Conj. Dormio, to sleep ; pnnio, to pun- 
ish ; nescio, not to know ; vestio, to clothe. 

A large number of verbs have the perfect, and some- 
times the supine, of a different conjugation from the pres- 
ent. Thus, Do, to give, is conjugated, do, dare, dedi- 
datum. But verbs are usually ranged under that conju- 
gation to which the present infinitive belongs. Many- 
verbs, especially of the second conjugation, have no su- 
pine. 



Practice on the Tree of Formation. 



When the active voice of the first conjugation has been com- 
mitted to memory, let the pupii be practised in the following 
manner: 

1. Let a verb, as laudo, be given him, and let him, after con- 
jugating it, read the several parts from the tree, as laudare, lau- 
dabam, &c. 

2. Let him then tell the names of these several parts — the in- 
structor asking, what tense is laudabam? laudabo? &c. 

3. Let him tell the meaning of each tense in English, turning, 
if necessary, to that tense, to aid his memory. 

4. Let him then be taught to trace back the tenses to that part 
of the verb from which they are derived. Thus, What does 
laudarum come from ? &c. So, let second and third persons be 
run back to first persons, and they again back to the four parts of 
the verb. 

When the passive voice is committed to memory, let the pupil 
be shown how the tenses dependant on the present indicative 
and infinitive, are formed by changing the final m of the active 
into r. Let the same course of practice be then adopted with 
the passive. 

Let this exercise be continued through all the conjugation^ 
with a variety of words, and be applied daily after his other r@» 
citations, when the pupil begins to translate. 



Verbs. 



61 




62 Verbs. 

FIRST CONJUGATION ACTIVE VOICE. 

PRINCIPAL PARTS. 

Pres. Indie. Pres. Infin. Pwf- Indie. Supine. 

A'mo, ama're, ama'vi, ama'tum, 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense, love, do love, or am loving. 
Singular. Plural. 

§ 1. A'mo, J love, Ama'mus, we love, 

£2. A'mas, thou lovest, Ama'tis, ye love, 
^ 3. A'mat, he loves ; A'mant, they love. 

Imperfect, loved, did love, or was loving. 

1. Ama'bam, I" loved, Amaba'mus, we loved, 

2. Ama'bas, thou lovedst, Amaba'tis, ye loved, 

3. Ama'bat, he loved; Ama'bant, they loved. 

Perfect, loved, have loved, or did love. 

1. Ama'vi, I have loved, Amav'imus, we have loved, 

2. Ama.vis'ti,thou hast loved, Amavis'tis, ye have loved, 

3. Ama'vit, he has loved; AmdLve'iunt,v.-ere,theyhavi 

loved 
Pluperfect, had loved. 

1. Amav'eram, I had loved, Amavera'nms,W£ had loved 

2. Amav'eras, thou hadst Amavera'tis, ye had loved, 

loved, 

3. Amav'erat, he had loved ; Amav'erant, they had loved 

Future, shall or will love. 

1. Ama'bo, I shall love, Amab'imus, we shall love, 

2. Ama'bis, thoushalt love, Amab'itis, yt shall love, 

3. Ama'bit, he shall love ; Ama'bunt, they shall love. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense, may or can love. 

1. A'mem, I may love, Ame'mus, we may love, 

2. A'mes, thou may est love, Ame'tis, ye may love, 

3. A'met, he may love ; A'ment, they may love. 



Verbs. 63 

Imperfect, might, could, would, or should love, 

1. Ama'rem, I might love, Amare'mus, we might love % 

2. Ama.'res,thoumightest love, Amare'tis, ye might love, 

3. Ama'ret, he might love. Ama'rent, they might love. 

Perfect, may have loved. 

1. Amav'erim, J may have Amaver'imus, we may have 

loved. loved. 

2. Amav'eris, thou mayest Amever'itis, ye may have 

have loved. loved. 

3. Amav'erit, he may have Amav'erint, they may have 

loved. loved. 

Pluperfect, might, could, would, or should have loved. 

1. Amavis'sem, / might have Amavisse'mus, we might 

loved. have loved. 

2. Amavis'ses, thou mightest Amavisse'tis, ye might have 

have loved. loved. 

3. Amavis'set, he might have Amavis'sent, they might 

loved. have loved. 

Future, shall have loved. 

1. Amav'ero, I shall have Amaver'imus, we shall have 

loved. loved. 

2. Amav'eris, thou shalthave Amaver'itis, ye shall have 

1 £ loved. loved. 

3. Am. v'erit, he shall have Amav'erint, they shall have 

loved. loved. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

2. A 'ma, v. ama'to, love thou, Ama'te, v. amato'te, love ye, 

3. Ama'to, let him love. ^man'to, let them love. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Pres, Ama're, to love. Perf. Amavis'se, to have loved. 
Fut. Esse amatu'rus, to be about to love, Fuisse ama- 
tu'rus, to have been about to love. 



64 



Verbs. 



PARTICIPLES. 

Pres. A'mans, loving. Fut. Amatu'rus, about to love. 

GERUNDS. 

Aman'-dum-di-do-dum-do, loving, of loving, &c. 

SUPINES. 

Former. Ama'tum, to love. Latter. Ama'tu, to love, or 

to be loved. 

LESSON ON THE ACTIVE VOICE. 

Let the pupil now recite the following verbs into Eng- 
lish ; making those of the third person singular agree 
with Me, understood ; and those of the third person plu 
ral with Mi, understood. 



Accuso, to accuse, 
Apto, to Jit, 

Accusa'bam, 

Celavi'sti, 

Mutav'eras, 

Accusa'bo, 

Apta'rem, 

Creare'mus, 

Negav'erim, 

Mutatu'rus, 

Ne'ga, 

Negavis'set, 

Celaver'imus, 



Words used. 

Celo, to conceal, 
Creo, to create, 

Muta'ret, 

Accu'sent, 

Crea'bit, 

Aptav'erim, 

Creavisse'tis, 

Negav'erint, 

Celavis'se, 

Accu'sans, 

Apta'ndo, 

Nega'tum, 

Crea'tu, 



Muto, to change, 
Nego, to deny. 

Accusa'turus. 

Celan'to. 

Mutaver'Imus. 

Aptab'itis. 

Creav'erant. 

Accusare'mus. 

Celavis'tis. 

Crea'bant. 

Negab'imus. 

Mutare'tis. 



Let the pupil, in parsing, pursue one uniform course. 

What part of speech ?— Conjugate — What Conjuga 
tion — Voice— -Mood — Tense-— Decline — Number ano 
Person— Agrees with what— Rule. 



Verbs. 65 

FIRST CONJUGATION PASSIVE VOICE. 

PRINCIPAL PARTS. 

Pres. Indie. Pres. Infin. Perf. Part. 

A'mor, Ama'ri, Ama'tus. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense, am loved. 

Singular. Plural. 

s 1. A'mor, Ama'mur, 

§2. Ama'ris, v. ama're, Amam'ini, 

£ 3. Ama'tur ; Aman'tur. 

Imperfect, was loved. 

1. Ama'bar, Amaba'mur, 

2. Amaba'ris, v. amaba're, Amabam'ini, 

3. Amaba'tur; Amaban'tur. 

Perfect, have been loved. 

1. Ama'tus sum, v. fu'i, Ama'ti su'mus, v. fu'imus, 

2. Ama'tus es, v. fuis'ti, Ama'ti estis, v. fuis'tis, 

3. Ama'tus est, v. fu'it ; Ama'ti sunt, v.fue'runt v. fue're. 

Pluperfect, had been loved. 

1. Ama'tus e'ram, v. fu'er am, Ama'ti era'mus,v.fuera'mus g 

2. Ama'tus, e'ras, v. fu'eras, Ama'ti era'tis, v. fuera'tis, 
3 Ama'tus e'rat, v. fu'erat; Ama'ti e'rant, v. fu'erant. 

Future, shall or will be loved. 

1. Ama'bor, Amab'imur, 

2. Amab'eris, v. amab'ere, Amabim'ini, 

3. Amab'Itur; Amabun'tur. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense, may or can be loved. 

1. A'mer, Ame'mur, 

2. Ame'ris, v. ame're, Amem'ini, 

3. Ame'tur ; Amen'tur. 

6* 



66 Verbs. 

Imperfect, might, could, would, or should be loved. 

1. Ama'rer, Amare'mur, 

2. Amare'ris, v. amare're, Amarem'ini, 

3. Amare'tur; Amaren'tur, 

Perfect, may have been loved. 

1. Amatus sim, v. fu'erim, Amati si'mus, v. fuer'imus, 

2. Amatus sis, v. fu'eris, Amati sitis, v. fuer'itis, 

3. Amatus sit, v. fu'erit; Amati sint, v. fu'erint. 

Pluperfect, might, could, would, or should have been loved. 

1. Amatus es'sem,v.fuis'sem, Amati esse'mus,v.fuisse'mus, 

2. Amatus es'ses, v. fuis'ses, Amati esse'tis, v. fuis'setis, 

3. Amatus es'set, v. fuis'set, Amati es'sent, v. fuis'sent. 

Future, shall have been loved. 

1. Amatus fu'ero, Amati fuer'imus, 

2. Amatus fu'eris, Amati fuer'itis, 

3. Amatus fu'erit, Amati fu'erint, 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

2. Ama're, v. ator, be thou loved, Amam'ini, be ye loved, 

3. Ama'tor, let him be loved; Aman'tor, let them be 

loved. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Pres. Ama'ri, to be loved. 

Perf. Esse, v. fuis'seamatus-a-um, to have been loved. 

Fut. Amatum iri, to be about to be loved. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Perf. Amatus-a-um, loved. 

Fut. Amandus*a-um, to be loved. 



Verbs. 



67 



LESSON ON THE PASSIVE VOICE. 

Words used. 



Accuso, to accuse, 
Celo, to conceal, 



Creo, to create, 
Laudo, to praise, 



Muto, to change. 
Nego, to deny. 



Accusa'tus, 
Cela'bor, 
Crea'bar, 
Lauda'tus sum, 
Accusa'rer, 
Mu'ter, 
Negandus, 
Crea'ti estis, 
Lauda'tus fu'eris, 



Celabam'ini, 

Nega'tus essem, 

Accusa'tus sis, 

Mutare'mur, 

Creare'tur, 

Celaban'lur, 

Laude'mur, 

Negab'itur, 

Accusaban'tur. 



SECOND CONJUGATION ACTIVE VOICE. 

PRINCIPAL PARTS. 

Pres. Indie. Pres. Infin. Perf. Indie. Supine. 

Dd'ceo, Doce're, Doc'ui, Doc'tum, to teach. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense, teach or am teaching. 
Singular. Plural. 

e 1. Do'ceo, I teach, Doce'mus, we teach, 

§ 2. Do'ces, thou teachest, Doce'tis, ye teach, 
(^ 3. Do'cet, he teaches. Do'cent, they teach. 

Imperfect, taught. 

1. Doce'bam, I taught, Doceba'mus, we taught, 

2. Doce'bas, thou taughtest, Doceba'tis, ye taught, 

3. Doce'bat, he taught. Doce'bant, they taught. 

Perfect, have taught, 

1. Doc'ui, I have taught, Docu'imus, we have taught, 

2. T)ocms f ti,thou hast taught, Pocuis'tis, ye have taught, 

3. Doc'uit, he has taught. Docue'runt v. ere, they have 

taught. 






68 Verbs. 

Pluperfect, had taught. 

1. Docu'eram, / had taught, Docuera'mus, wehad taught, 

2. Docu'eras, thou hadst Docuera'tis, ye had taught, 

taught, 

3. Docu'erat, he had taught, Docu'erant, they had taught. 

Future, shall or will teach. 

1. Doce'bo, I shall teach, Doeeb'imus, we shall teach, 

2. Doce'bis, thou shalt teach, Doceb'itis, ye shall teach, 

3. Doce'bit, he shall teach, Doce'bunt, they shall teach. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense, may or can teach. 

1. Do'ceam, I may teach, Docea/mus, we may teach, 

2. Do' ce&s,thou may est teach, Docea'tis, ye may teach, 

3. Do'ceat, he may teach, Do'ceant, they may teach. 

Imperfect, might, could, would, or should teach. 

1. Doce'rem, I might teach, Docere'mus, we might teach, 

2. Doce'res, thou mightest Docere'tis, ye might teach, 

teach, 

3. Doce'ret, he might teach, Doce'rent, they might teach. 

Perfect, may have taught, 

1. Docu'erim, / may have Docuer'imus, we may have 

taught, taught, 

2. Docu'eris, thou may est Docuer'itis, ye may have 

have taught, taught, 

3. Docu'erit, he may have Docu'erint, they may have 

taught, taught. 

Pluperfect, might, could, would, or should have taught. 

1. Docuis'sem, I might have Docuisse'mus,we might have 

taught, taught, 

2. Docuis'ses, thou mightest Docuisse'tis, ye might have 

have taught, taught, 

3* Docuis'set, he might have Docuis'sent, they might have 
taught, taught. 



Verbs. 



69 



Future, shall have taught. 

1. Docu'ero, I shall have Docuer'imus, we shall have 

taught, taught, 

2. Doc\i'eris,thoushalt have Docuer'itis, ye shall have 

taught, taught, 

3. Docu'erit, he shall have Docu'erint, they shall have 

taught, taught 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

2. Do'ce, v. doce'to, teach Doce'te, v. doceto'te, teach 

thou, ye, 

3. Doce'to, let him teach ; Docen'to, let them teach. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Pres. Doce're, to teach. Perf. Docuis'se, to have taught 
Put Es'se doctu'rus, to be about to teach. Fuis'se doc- 
tu'rus, to have been about to teach. 



PARTICIPLES. 

Pres. Do'cens, teaching. Put. Doctu'rus, about to teach. 

GERUNDS. 

Docen'dum-di-do-dum-do, teaching, of teachings &C. 

SUPINES. 

Former, Doc'tum, to teach. 

Latter, Doc'tu to teach, or to be taught 

LESSON. 

Words used. 



Habeo, to have, 
Moneo, to advise, 

Habe'bam, 

Monuis'ti, 

Noce'bit, 



Noceo, to injure, 
Paroe, to obey, 

Tene'bo, 

Nocuisse'tis, 

Parue're, 



Teneo, to hold, 
Terreo, to terrify. 

Te'nens, 

Mone'bunt, 

Habuisse'tis, 



I t 



70 



Verbs. 



Tene'rem, 

Paruis'sem, 

Terru'erim, 

Tenu'eram, 

Habeb'itis, 

Nocitu'rus, 



Habe'res, 

Monuis'sent, 

Terrea'tis, 

Tene'rent, 

Habuera'mus, 

No'ceat 



Nocuer'itis, 

Ter'reant, 

Teneba'tis, 

Mone'rent, 

No'cent, 

Pare'bo. 



SECOND CONJUGATION PASSIVE VOICE. 

PRINCIPAL PARTS. 



Pres. Indie. 
Do'ceor, 



Pres. Infin. 
Doce'ri, 



Perf. Part. 

Doc'tus, to be taught 



INDICATIVE MOOD. 



Present Tense, am taught. 
Singular. Plural. 

|k Do'ceor, Doce'mur, 

£ 2. Doce'ris, v. doce're, Docem'ini, 

0*3. Doce'tur; Docen'tur. 

Imperfect, was taught. 

1. Doce'bar, Doceba'mur, 

2. Doceba'ris. v. doceba/re, Docebam'ini, 

3. Doceba'tur; Doceban'tur. 

Perfect, have been taught. 

1. Doc'tus sum, v. fui, Docti su'mus, v. fu'imus, 

2. Doc'tus es, v. fuisti, Docti es'tis, v. fuis'tis, 

3. Doc'tus est, v. fuit ; Docti sunt, v. fue'runt, v. fue're. 

Pluperfect, had been taught. 

1. Doctus e'ram, v. fu'eram, Docti era'mus, v. fuera'mus* 

2. Doctus e'ras, v. fu'eras, Docti era'tis, v. fuera'tis, 

3. Doctus e'rat, v. fu'erat ; Docti e'rant, v. fu'erant. 

Future, shall or will be taught. 

1. Doce'bor, Doceb'imur, 

2. Doceb'eris, v. doceb'ere, Docebim'ini, 

3. Doceb'itur; Docebun'tur, 



Verbs. 71 



SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense, may or can be taught. 

1. Do'cear, Docea'mur, 

2. Docea'ris, v. docea're, Doceam'ini, 

3. Docea'tur, Docean'tur. 

Imperfect, might, could, would, or should be taught. 

1. Doce'rer, Docere'mur, 

2. Docere'ris, v. docere're, Docerem'ini, 

3. Docere'tur, Doceren'tur. 

Perfect, may have been taught. 

1. Doctus sim, v. fu'erim, Docti simus, v. fuer'imus, 

2. Doctus sis, v. fu'eris, Docti sitis, v. fuer'itis, 

3. Doctus sit, v. fu'erit, Docti sint, v. fu'erint. 
Pluperfect, might, could, would, or should have been taught. 

1. Doctus es'sem, v. fuis'sem, Docti esse'mus, v. fuisse'mus, 

2. Doctus es'ses, v. fuis'ses, Docti esse'tis, v. fulsse'tis, 

3. Doctus es'set, v. fuis'set, Docti es'sent, v. fuis'sent. 

Future, shall have been taught. 

1. Doctus fu'ero, Docti fuer'imus, 

2. Doctus fu'eris, Docti fuer'itis, 

3. Doctus fu'erit, Docti fu'erint. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

2. Doce're, v. etor, be thou taught, Docem'ini, be ye taught, 

3. Doce'tor, let him be taught, Docen'tor, let them be 

taught. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Pres. Doce'ri, to be taught. 

Perf. Esse, v. fuisse doctus-a-um, to have been taught 

Tut. Doctum iri, to be about to be taught. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Perf. Doctus-a-um, taught 

Fwt. Docendus-a-um, to b$ taught. 



72 



Verbs. 



LESSON. 




Words used. 




Moneo, to advise, 
Noceo, to injure, 


Teneo, to hold, 
Terreo, to terrify. 


Mone'bar, Nocere'mur, 
Noceb'itur, Ter'ritus sim, 
Tene'rer, Mon'iti fuerint, 
Ter'rear, Nocea'tur, 
Mon'itus est, Teneb'itur, 
Tenen'dus, Mone'mur, 


Ter'riti essent, 

Nocen'dus, 

Teneam'ini, 

Monebun'tur, 

Terrean'tur, 

Tenere'mur f 


THIRD CONJUGATION ACTIVE VOICE. 


PRINCIPAL PARTS 




Pres Indie. Pres. Infin. Perf. Indie. Supine. 
Le'go, Leg'ere, Le'gi, Lec'tum, to reaa. 



INDICATIVE MOOD. 



Present Tense, read or am reading. 
Singular. Plural. 

£ 1. Le'go, I read, Leg'imus, we read, 

£ 2. Le'gis, thou readest, Leg'itis, ye read, 

K 3. Le'git, he reads, Le'gunt, they read. 

Imperfect, read or did read. 

1. Lege'bam, I read, or did read, Legeba'mus, we did read, 

2. Lege'bas, thou didst read, Legeba'tis, ye did read, 

3. Lege'bat, he read or did read, Lege'bant, they did read. 

Perfect, have read. 
k Le'gi, I have read, Leg'imus, we have read* 

2. Legis'ti, thou hast read, Legis'tis, ye have read, 

3. Le'git, he has read, Lege'runt, v. ere, they 

I have read. 



Verbs. 73 

Pluperfect, had read, 

1. Leg'eram, I had read, Legera'mus, we had read, 

2. Leg' eras,thou hadst read, Legera'tis, ye had read, 

3. Leg'erat, he had read ; Leg'erant, they had read. 

Future, shall, or will read. 

1. Le'gam, / shall read, Lege'mus, we shall read, 

2. Le'ges, thou shalt read, Lege'tis, ye shall read, 

3. Le'get, he shall read ; Le'gent, they shall read, 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense, may, or can read. 

1. Le'gam, J may read, Lega'mus, we may read, 

2. Le'gas, thou may est read, Lega'tis, ye may read, 

3. Le'gat, he may read ; Le'gant, they may read. 

Imperfect, might, could, ivoidd, or should read. 

1. Leg'erem, I might read, Legere'mus,wemightread 

2. Leg'ere$,lhou mightest read,Legeie'tis, ye might read, 

3. Leg'eret, he might read; Leg' ei exit, t hey mightread. 

Perfect, may have read. 

1. Leg'erlm, 1 may have Leger/imus, we may have 

read, read, 

2. Leg'eris, thou mayest Leger'itis, ye may have 

have read, read, 

3. Leg'erit, he may have Leg'erint, they may have 

read, read. 

Pluperfect, might, could, would, or should have read. 

1. Legis'sem, I might have Legisse'mus,we might have 

read, read, 

2. Legis'ses, thou mightest Legisse'tis, ye might have 

hojve read, read, 

3. Legis'set, he might have Legis'sent, they might have 

read ; read. 

7 



74 Verbs. 

Future, shall have read. 

1. Leg'ero, I shall have Leger'imus, we shall have 

read, read, 

2. Leg'erisjhou shalt have Leger'itis, ye shall have 

read, read, 

3. Leg'erit, he shall have Leg'erint, they shall have 

read; read. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

2. Le'ge, v. leg'ito, read Leg'ite, v. legito'te, read ye, 

thou, 

3. Leg'ito, let him read ; Legun'to, let them read. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Pres. Leg'ere, to read. Perf. Legis'se, to have read. 

Fut. Esse lectu'rus, to be about to read, Fuisse lectu'rus, 

to have been about to read. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Pres. Le'gens, reading. Fut. Lectu'rus, about to read. 

GERUNDS. 

Legen'dum-di-do-dum-do, reading, of reading, &c. 

SUPINES. 

Former. Lec'tum, to read. Latter. Lec'tu, to read, or 

to be read. 

LESSON. 

Words used. 

Capio, capere, cepi, captum, to take. 
Duco, ducere, duxi, ductum, to lead. 
Ludo, iudere, lusi, lusurn, to flay. 
Traho, trahere, traxi, tractum, to draw. 

Capie'bat, Duc'turus, Traha'tis, 

Duxis'ti, Lu'de, Cepis'sent,. 

Lu'das, Cap'ite, Lu'dis, 



Verbs. 75 

Tra'heres, Duxisse'tis, Tractu'rus, 

Dux'eris, Trax'erat, Duxer'itis, 

Cepis'sem, Cep'eris, Cap'eret, 

Trax'ero, Lu'des, Lude'mus, 

Lu'seras, Duceba'tis, Trac'tu. 

THIRD CONJUGATION PASSIVE VOICE. 

PRINCIPAL PARTS. 

Pres. Indie. Pres. Infin. Perf. Part. 

Le'gor, Le'gi, Lec'tus, to be read. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense, am read. 
$ 1. Le'gor, I am read, Leg'imur, 

£ 2. Leg'eris, v. leg'ere, thou art read, Legim/ini, 
fi! 3. Leg'itur, he is read, Legun'tur. 

Imperfect, was read. 

1. Lege 'bar, Legeba'mur, 

2. Legeba'ris, v. legeba're, Legebam'ini, 
Legeba'tur, Legeban'tur. 

Perfect, have been read. 

1. Lectus sum, v. fu'i, Lecti su'mus, v. fu'imus, 

2. Lectus es, v. fuis'ti, Lecti estis, v. fuis'tis, 

3. Lectus est, v. fu'it, Lecti sunt, v.fue^runt,v. fue're 

Pluperfect, had been read. 

1. Lectus, e'ram, v. fu'eram, Lecti era'mus, v. fuera'mus, 

2. Lectus e'ras, v. fu'eras, Lecti era'tis, v. fuera'tis, 

3. Lectus e'rat, v. fu'erat, Lecti e'rant, v. fu'erant. 

Future, shall be read. 

1. Le'gar, Lege'mur, 

2. Lege'ris, v. lege're, Legem'ini, 

3. Lege'tur, Legen'tur. 



76 Verbs. 



SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 



Present Tense, may or can be read. 

1. Le'gar, Lega'mur, 

2. Lega'ris, v. lega're, Legam'ini, 

3. Lega'tur, Legan'tur. 

Imperfect, might, could, would, or should be read. 

1. Leg'erer, Legere'mur, 

2. Legere'ris, v. legere're, Legerem'ini, 

3. Legere'tur, Legeren'tur. 

Perfect, may have been read. 

1. Lectus sim, v. fu'erim, Lecti si'mus, v. fuer'imus, 

2. Lectus sis, v. fu'eris, Lecti sitis, v. fuer'itis, 

3. Lectus sit, v. fu'erit, Lecti sint, v. fu'erint. 

Pluperfect, might, could, would, or should have been read. 

1. Lectus es'sem,v. fuis'sem, Lecti esse'mus, v. fuisse'mus, 

2. Lectus es'ses, v. fuis'ses, Lecti esse'tis, v. fuisse'tis, 

3. Lectus es'set, v. fuis'set, Lecti es'sent, v. fuis'sent. 

Future, shall have been read. 

1. Lectus fu'ero, Lecti fuer'imus, 

2. Lectus fu'eris, Lecti fuer'itis, 

3. Lectus fu'erit, Lecti fu'erint. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

2. Leg'ere, v. itor, be thou Legim'ini, be ye read, 

read, 

3. Leg'itor, let him be read, Legun'tor, let them be read. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Pres. Le'gi, to be read. 

Perf. Esse, v. fuis'se lectus-a-um, to have been read. 

Fut. Lectum iri, to be about to be read. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Perf. Lectus-a-um, read. 

Fut. Legendus-a-um, to be read. 



Verbs. 77 

LESSON. 

Words used. 

Duco, ducere, duxi, ductum, to lead. 
Ico, icere, ici, ictum, to strike. 
Traho, trahere, traxi, tractum, to draw. 
Vinco, vincere,vici, vie turn, to conquer. 

Duceba'tur, Vinceban'tur, 

Ictus fu'erat, Ducerem'ini. 

Trahe'tur, leun'tur, 

Vinceren'tur, Yincen'dus, 

Ductus fu'eris, Trahun'tor, 

Trahan'tur, Du'cerer. 

FOURTH CONJUGATION ACTIVE VOICE. 

PRINCIPAL PARTS. 

Pres. Indie. Pres. Infin. Perf, Indie. Supine. 
Au'dio, Audl're, Audi'vi, Audl'tum, to hear. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense, hear, or am hearing. 
Singular. Plural. 

s 1. Au'dio, I hear, Audi'mus, we hear, 

£ 2. Au'dis, thou hearest, Audi'tis, ye hear, 
£ 3. Au'dit, he hears, Au'diunt, they hear. 

Imperfect, heard, or was hearing. 

1. Audie'bam, I heard, Audieba'mus, we heard, 

2. Audie'bas thou didst hear, Audieba'tis, ye heard, 

3. Audie'bat, he heard, Audie'bant, they heard. 

Perfect, have heard. 

1 . Audi'vi, I have heard, Audiv'imus, we have heard, 

2. Audivis'ti, thou hast heard, Audivis'tis, ye have heard, 

3. Audi'vit, he has heard, Audive'runt, v. ive're, they 

have heard. 
7* 



78 Verbs. 

Pluperfect, had heard. 

1 . Audiv'eram, / had heard, Audivera'mus, we had heard, 

2. Audiv'eras, thou hadst Audivera'tis, ye had heard, 

heard, 

3. Audiv'erat, he had heard, Audiv'erant, they had heard. 

Future, shall or will hear, 

1. Au'diam, J shall hear, Audie'mus, we shall hear, 

2. Au'dies, thou shalt hear, Audie'tis, ye shall hear, 

3. Au'diet, he shall hear, Au'dient, they shall hear. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense, may or can hear, 

1. Au'diam, J may hear, Audia'mus, we may hear t 

2. Au'dias, thou may est hear, Audia'tis, ye may hear, 

3. Au'diat, he may hear, Au'diant, they may hear. 

Imperfect, might, could, would, or should hear, 

1. Audi'rem, i" might hear, Audire'mus, we might hear, 

2. Audi'res, thou mightest Audire'tis, ye might hear, 

hear, 

3. Audi'ret, he might hear, Audi'rent, they might hear. 

Perfect, may or can have heard. 

1. Audiv'erim, I may have An diver 'imus, ive may have 

heard, heard, 

2. Audiv'eris, thou mayest Audiver'itis, ye may have 

have heard, heard, 

3. Audiv'erit, he may have Audiv'erint, they may have 

heard, heard. 

Pluperfect, might, could, would, or should have heard. 

1. Audivis'sem, I might have Audivisse'mus, we might 

heard, have heard, 

2. Audivis'ses, thou mightest Audivisse'tis, ye might have 

have heard, heard, 

3. Audivis'set, he might have A\idivi$ f sexit,they might have 

heard, heard. 



Verbs. 79 

Future, shall have heard. 

1. Audiv'ero, I shall have Audiver'imus, weshallhavc 

heard, heard, 

2. Audiv'eris, thou shalt Audiver'itis, ye shall have 

have heard, heard, 

3. Audiv'erit, he shall have Audiv'erint, they shall have 

heard ; heard. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

2. Audi, v. audi'to, hear thou, Audl'te, v. a.udito'te,hear ye, 

3. Audi'to, let him hear; Audiun'to, let them hear. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Pres. Audi're, to hear. Perf. Audivis'se, to have heard. 
Fut Esse auditu'rus, to be about to hear. Fuisse auditu'- 
rus, to have been about to hear. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Pres. Au'diens, hearing. Fut. Auditu'rus, about to hear. 

GERUNDS. 

Audien'dum-di-do-dum-do, hearing, of hearing, &c. 

SUPINES. 

Former. Audi'tum, to hear. 

Latter. Audi'tu, to hear, or to be heard. 

LESSON. 

Words used. 

Mollio, to soften, Punio, to punish, 

Munio, to fortify, Scio, to know. 

Mollie'bat, Molliv'erit, Sciv'erint, 

Muniv'erant, Munivisse'mus, Puniv'erant, 

Pu'niet, Punitu'rus, Moll'iat, 

Sci'ret, Sci'ens, Mu'nient, 

Molli'ret, Muniver'itis, Punie'bant. 



80 Verbs. 

fourth conjugation — passive voice. 

PRINCIPAL PARTS. 

Pres. Jndic. Pres. Infin. Perf. Part. 

Au'dior, Audl'ri, Audi'tus, to be heard. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense, am heard. 
Singular. Plural. 

£ i. Au'dior, Audl'mur, 

£ 2. Audi'ris, v. audl're, Audim'ini, 

$3. Audi'tur; Audiun'tur. 

Imperfect, was heard. 

1. Audie'bar, Audieba'mur, 

2. Audieba'ris, v. audieba're, Audiebam'ini, 

3. Audieba'tur; Audieban'tur. 

Perfect, have been heard. 

1. Audi'tus sum, v. fu'i, Auditi su'mus, v. fu'imus, 

2. Audi'tus es, v. fuis'ti, Auditi es'tis, v. fuis'tis, 

3. Audi'tus est. v. fu'it ; Auditi sunt, v. fue'runt, v. fue'rr 

Pluperfect, had been heard. 

1. Auditus e'ram, v. fu'eram, Auditi era'mus, v. fuera'mus 

2. Auditus e'ras, v. fu'eras, Auditi era'tis, v. fuera'tis, 

3. Auditus e'rat,v. fu'erat; Auditi e'rant, v. fu'erant. 

Future, shalt be heard. 

1. Au'diar, Audie'mur, 

2. Audie'ris, v. audie're, Audiem'ini, 

3. Audietur; Audien'tur. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense, may, or can be heard. 

1. Au'diar, Audia'mur, 

2. Audia'ris, v, audia're, Audiam'mi, 

3. Audia'tur; Audian'tur. 



Verbs. 81 

Imperfect, might, could, would, or should be heard. 

1. Audfrer, Audire'mur, 

2. Audire'ris, v. audire're, Audirem'ini, 

3. Audire'tur; Audiren'tur. 

Perfect, may have been heard. 

1. Auditus sim, v. fu'erim, Auditi simus, v. fuer'imus, 

2. Auditus sis, v. fu'eris, Auditi sitis, v. fuer'itis, 

3. Auditus sit, v. fu'erit ; Auditi sint, v. fu'erint. 

Pluperfect, might, could, would, or should have been heard. 

1. Auditus es'sem,v.fuis'sern, Auditi esse'mus,v.fuisse'mus» 

2. Auditus es'ses, v. fuis'ses, Auditi esse'tis, v. fuisse'tis, 

3. Auditus es'set, v, fuis'set ; Auditi es'sent, v. fuis'sent. 

Future, shall have been heard. 

1. Auditus fu'ero, Auditi fuer'imus, 

2. Auditus fu'eris, Auditi fuer'itis, 

3. Auditus fu'erit; Auditi fu'erint. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

2. Audi're,v. auditor, be thou heard, Audim'mi,£eye heard, 

3. Auditor, let him be heard ; Audiun'tor, let them be 

heard. 



INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Pres. Audi'ri, to be heard. 

Perf. Esse, v. fuisse audi'tus-a-um, to have been heard. 

Tut. Audi'tum, iri, to be about to be heard. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Perf. Auditus-a-um, heard. 

Put. Audiendus-a-um, to be heard. 



!'. 



11 



82 



Verbs. 



LESSON. 

Words used. 



Mollio, to soften, 
Munio, to fortify, 

Mollieban'tur, 
Muni'tus fuit, 
Puniren'tur, 
Scien'tur, 



Punio, to punish, 
Scio, to know. 



Mollian'tur, 
Sciendus, 
Puni'tus sis, 
Munieba'tur, 



Sciun'tur, 
Mollire'mur, 
Puniem'ini, 
Munia'mur. 



LESSON ON VERBS OF THE FIRST CONJUGATION. 

Additional Rules of Syntax. 

1. A verb signifying actively governs the accu- 
sative. 

2. One verb governs another in the infinitive. 

3. The infinitive mood has the accusative be- 
fore it. 

A vocabulary will be found at the end of these lessons. 
Let the pupil now review the rules for translating, and 
follow them strictly. 

ACTIVE VOICE. 

Indicative Mood. 

Omnes matres 1 amant liberos 2 suos. 
Pan curat* oves 4 oviumque magistros. 5 
Quis aut in victoria aut in fuga copias nume- 
rat ? 6 

In eo 7 praelio milites 8 strenue pugnabant. 9 
Populus cum risu acclamabat. 10 
Hsec res amorem 11 populi conciliavit. 12 

1 Mater. 2 Liberi. 3 Curo. 4 Ovis. 5 Magister. 6 Nu- 
mero. 7 Is. 8 Miles. 9 Pugno. 10 Acclamo. 11 Amor, 
12 Concilio. 



Verbs: S3 

Post longam pacem 1 Romani bellum restaurave- 

runt. 2 

Cato populum infiammaverat* contra legem. 4 
Nisi ?naturabis? ille te eviiabit.* 

Subjunctive Mood. 

Btsi nunc iram temperet] tamen posthac flagra- 
bit. 8 

Orabat 9 eos ne trucidarent 10 filium suum. 

Q,uod major 11 pars judicaverit, 12 id jus esto. 

Si me auscultavisses™ servavisses 14V innocentiam 
tuam. 

Si ilium non liberavero™ pugnam iterabo. 16 

Imperative Mood. 
Palmate 17 viam Domini. 

Infinitive Mood. 
Non possum excusare 19 culpam meam. 
Spero me causam probavisse.™ 

Participles. 
Rex oBstuans 20 milites castigat. 
Q,uis pugnaturus 21 est ? 

Gerunds* 

Hie locus non aptus est ad pugnandum. 21 

PASSIVE VOICE. 

Indicative Mood. 
Innocentia ejus nunc probatur. 19 



1 Pax. 2 Restauro. 3 Inflammo. 4 Lex. 5 Mature 6 Evi- 
to. 7 Tempero. 8 Flagro. 9 Oro. 10 Trucido. 11 Magnus. 
12 Judico. 13 Ausculto. 14 Servo. 15 Libero. 16 Itero. 
17 Paro. 18 Excuso. 19 Probo. 20 Mst\io. 21 Pugno. 



84 Verbs. 

In principio, reges 1 a populo creabanhir? 
Ille mimeratus est 3 inter septem sapientes. 4 
Terra inhabitata erat? longe antequam aquae earn 
inundaverunt. 6 

Ille accusatur, 7 et forsan condemnabitur? 

Subjunctive Mood. 
Omnes rogant 9 unde parentur 10 opes. 
Dictator creatus est, 2 ut bellum renovaretur} 1 
Tarn diligens fait filius tuus, ut ab omnibus lau- 
datus sit. 12 

Regem oraverunt, ut amici sui liberati essent. 
Q,uum illi liberati fuerint, strenue pugnabunt. 13 

Infinitive Mood. 
Hoe non potest negari. 

Participles. 
Animus sapientis nunquam est perturbatus. 1 
Consensio omnium gentium 15 lex naturas putan- 
da 1 * est. 



LESSON ON THE SECOND CONJUGATION. 
ACTIVE TOICE. 



Indicative Mood. 
Animus debet imperare corpus. 



1 Rex. 2 Creo. 3 Numero. 4 Sapiens. 5 Inhabito, 

6 Inundo. 7 Accuso. 8 Condemno. 9 Rogo. 10 Paro. 

11 Renovo. 12 Laudo. 13 Pugno. 14 Perturbo. 15 Gens. 
16 Puto. 



Verbs. 85 

Caesar eum monet ut omnes suspiciones vitet. 1 

Imperium Romanam exordium habet a Romulo. 

Vides quam flexibiles hominum voluntates 2 sunt. 

Si habes unum amicum, sis contentus. 

Caesar suos milites a praelio continebat? 

Rosae fulgebanfi inter lilia. 

Sicilia primo habuit nomen Trinacriae. 

Rex sumraam crudelitatem exercuerat? 

Virtus ejus praecipuas laudes 6 obtinuerat? 

Vita modesta multum valebit 3 contra falsos ru- 
mores. 9 

Amicitia nostra permanebit lQ usque ad extre- 
mum 11 vitae diem. 

EEEEa Subjunctive Mood. 

Res est tarn justa, ut rex earn non negare de- 
beat} 51 

Caesar aderat 13 ut auxilium prceberet. H 

Multi fuerunt qui a negotiis 15 publicis se remo- 
vSrint. 16 

Si amicus tuus tacuisset 17 salvus esset. 

Respiravero 18 si te videro. 19 

Imperative Mood. 
Adhibete® mentes vestras. 

Infinitive Mood. 
Caesar statuit hostem ab rapinis prohibere. 
Publius affirmavit, se hostes in silvis vidisse. 19 



1 Vito. 2 Voluntas. 3 Contineo. 4 Fulgeo. 5 Exerceo. 
6 Laus. 7 Obtineo. 8 Valeo. 9 Rumor. 10 Permaneo. 
il Exterior. 12 Debeo. 13 Adsum. 14 Prasbeo. 15 Nego- 
tium. 16 Removeo. 17 Taceo. 18 Respiro. 19 Video, 
20 Adhibeo. 

8 



86 Verbs. 

Participles, 

Btec prcsvidens 1 ex urbe 2 migravi.* 
Quern ducem habiluri* sumus ? 

Gerund. 
Lex est recta ratio in jubendo? 

PASSIVE VOICE. 

Indicative Mood. 
Possimt 6 quia posse videntur? 
In principio, libido regum pro legibus habebatur. % 
Castra hostium mot a sunt? 
Milites adhibiti erant 10 ad concilium. 
Ab his studiis per longiim tempus detinebor. 11 

Subjunctive Mood. 

Cave ne quis dolus adhibeatur.™ 

Ne respublica ab inimicis teneretur, Pompeius ad 
urbem properavit. 

Tarn negligens fuit filius tuus, ut a praeceptoribus 
saepe admomtus sit. 12 

A Csesare impetraverunt, 13 ut amici sui ad con- 
cilium adhibiti essent. 10 

Cum castra mot a fuerint? pugnam iterabo. 14 

Infinitive Mood. 
Negavit milites ad concilium adhiberi. 10 

Participles. 
Has res ab nostra memoria ob vetustatem sunt 
remotoe. 15 

Ille unus erat timendus 16 ex omnibus. 

1 Praevideo. 2 Urbs. 3 Migro. 4 Habeo. 5 Jubeo. 6 Pos- 
sum. 7 Video. 8 Habeo. 9 Moveo. lOAdhibeo. 11 Detineo, 
12 Admoneo. 13 Impetro. 14 Itero. 15 Removeo. 16 Time©,. 



Verbs. 87 

LESSON ON THE THIRD CONJUGATION. 

.ACTIVE VOICE. 

Indicative Mood. 

Spem unicam salutis in te rtpono. 

Hasc studia adolescentiam alunt, senectutem de- 
lectant. 

Crescit amor nummi, quantum ipsa pecunia 
cresciL 

Muli'eres ex muro pacem 1 ab Romanis petebant. 

Ex qua re crescebat 2 ejus fama cum opibus. 3 

Helvetii legatos de deditione ad Caesarem mise- 
runt* 

Finxerat 5 ilium natura ad omnes virtutes. 

Ad extremam 6 aetatem amicitia eorum creverat? 

Vis mortis rapuit, 7 rajjietque gentes. 

Subjunctive Mood. 

Caesar equites 8 praemi tt.it, qui videant in quas 

partes hostes iter faciant. 9 

Patrem rogavi ut peeuniam rnitteret.* 

Adeo fortiter pugnavit ut cito hostes fuder it. 10 

Postquam regis mortem cognovissent, 11 decesse- 

runt 12 sine praslio. 

Animum vel sustentabo, 13 vel quod multo melius 

est abjecero. u 



1 Pax. 2 Cresco. 3 Opes. 4 Mitto. 5 Fingo. 6 Exterior. 
7 Rapio. 8 Eques. 9 Facio. 10 Fundo. 11 Cognosco. 
12 Decedo. 13 Sustento. 14 Abjicio. 



88 Verbs. 

Imperative Mood. 

Vos ducem eligite, 1 et cum elegeritis 1 videte* ne 
eum deseratis. 3 

Infinitive Mood. 

# Respublica nullam calamitatem accipere* potest, 
sine culpa Senatus. 

Probabo Verrem Contra leges pecuniam acce- 
pisse.* 

Participles. 

Sol cresce?ites 5 decedens 6 du'plicat umbras. 

Alexander ad Jovem pergit, consulturus* de ori- 
gine sua. 

Cicero ad Brutum de optimo 8 genere 9 dicendi 10 
scripsit. 11 

PASSIVE VOICE. 

Indicative Mood. 
Expetuntur 12 divitise ad usus vitae necessarios. 
Multitudo omnis in foro instruebaturP 
Prseliam in majorem partem diei tr actum est. u 
Tribanus militum in vincula conjectus erat. 15 
In hoc bello gloria nominis vestri defendetur. 16 

Subjunctive Mood. 
Omnes suadent, ut exercitus instruaturP 
Dum hsec gererentur, 17 Lacedsemonii et Athe- 

nienses inter se bellabant. 

Nemo tarn cautus est. ut nunquam a voluptate 

victus sit. LS 

1 Eligo. 2 Video. 3 Desero. 4 Accipio. 5 Cresco. 6 De- 
cedo. 7 Consulo. 8 Bonus. 9 Genus. 10 Dico. 11 Seribo. 
12 Expeto. 13 Instruo. 14 Tralio. 15 Conjicio. 16 Defendo. 

17 Gero. 18 Vinco. 



Verbs. 



89 



Rex imperavit, ut copise deduct cb essent. 1 
Q,uum copiae ejus deducted fuerint, ab armis dis- 
cedam. 2 

Infinitive Mood. 

Sunt qui eenseant, animum cum corpore extin- 
gui? 

Participles. 

Haec omnia sunt posita* ante oculos nostros. 
Omnes bonaram artium scriptores sunt legendi. 



LESSON ON THE FOURTH CONJUGATION. 
ACTIVE VOICE. 

Indicative Mood. 

Malus pastor dormit supinus. 

Ante occasum solis 5 ad Urbem 6 Galli perve- 
niunt. 

Omnes de communi salute 7 sentiebant. 

Ubi audiverunt ejus adventum, contraxerunt 8 ex- 
ercitum. 

Hae res, per longum tempus, exercitum impedivB- 
rant. 

Ego te de rebus illis non andiam. 

Haec dona 9 militum 10 animos lenient. 

Subjunctive Mood. 

Nemo tarn sine mente 11 vivit, ut hoc nesciat. 
Hoc faciebantj ut exercitum nostrum impedirent. 



IDeduco. 2Discedo. 3Extinguo. 4Pono. 5 Sol. 6 Urbs. 
7Saius. 8 Contraho. 9 Donam. 10 Miles. 11 Mens. 



8* 



90 Verbs. 

Quis tarn miser est, qui non Dei munificentiam 
senserit ? l 

Quum Caesar venisset* milites acriter incusavit. 
Q,uum te audivero, judicabo. 

Infinitive Mood. 
Milites nostri venire dicuntur. 
Caesarem venisse in Africam audio. 

Participles. 
Effectus eloquentias est audieniium approbatio. 
Milites venture sunt. 

PASSIVE VOICE. 

Indicative Mood. 
Mums custoditur ab omni parte. 3 
His de causis milites diu impediebantur. 
Clamores hostium 4 auditi fuerunt. 
Is, per longum tempus, vinctus 5 fnerat. 
Nostra longissima 6 aetas invenietur brevissima. 7 

Subjunctive Mood. 
Metuo ne profectio ejus impediatur. 
Non dubitabam quin hostes ibi invenerentur. 
Non dubito quin foi sepidtus sit. 8 
Q,uum corpora inventa essent, maximo 9 cum fletu 
sepulta sunt. 8 

duum hi puniti fuerint™ ego discedam. 

Infinitive Mood. 
Adeo erat incensus, ut leniri non posset. 

Participles. 
Memoria est custos rerum inventarum. 11 



1 Sentio. 2 Venio. 3 Pars. 4 Host.is. 5 Vincio. 6 Longus. 
7£revis. 8 Sepelio. 9 Magnus. 10 Punio. 11 In venio. 



Verbs. 91 

PROMISCUOUS. 

Legates mittunt ut pacem impetrent. 

Hie absumpsit res suas per luxuriam. 

Hostes abstrahunt liberos de complexu parentum. 

In his studiis aetatem meam consumpsi. 1 

Nos ad portas castra habemus. 

Diligentia in omnibus rebus plerumque valet. 

Haec omnia in tuum caput redundabunt. 

Mardonius cum paucis militibus prqfugit. 

Virtutis 2 omnis laus in actione consistit. 

Romani universain Italiam vicerunt. 

Ad vos vestramque Mem supplices 4 confugimus. 

Judex damnatur dum nocens absolvitur. 

Gallia est omnis divisa 5 in partes tres. 

Caesar etiam lachrymas fudisse 6 dicitur. 

Alexander Magnus nullam urbem obsedit, quam 
non expugnaverit. 

Antigonus quum adversus Seleucum dimicaret, 
occlsus est. 7 

Lycurgus, ut leges ejus observarentur, finxerat 8 
Apollinem earum esse auctorem. 

Hostium impetum magna cum prudentia dux 
tioster sustkiuit. 

Victi 9 inimlci in naves confugerunt, ex quibus 
multe captse sunt. 

Aristides vixit in suraraa paupertate. 

Tutior 10 est certa pax quam sperata vijetoria. 

Bucephalus credebatur sentire quern veheret. 

Silent leges inter arma, nee se expectari jubent 

Conservate memoriam horum beneliciorum. 



1 Consumo. 2 Virtus. 3 Vinco. 4 Supplex. 5 Divida 
6 Fimdo. 7 Occido. 8 Fingo. 9 Vinco. 10 Tutus. 



92 Verbs. 

Nemo adeo ferus est, qui non mitescere possit. 

Corinthus erat posita 1 in faucibus Grseciae. 

Sine virtute amicitia non esse potest. 

Ne existimes ullam sinelabore esse virtutem. 

Priscus numerum senatorum duplicavit. 

Alcibiades, quum tempus posceret, erat laboriosus 
in vita. 

Edimus ut vivamus, non vivimus ut edamus. 

Socrates accusatus est, quod eorrumperet juven- 
tutem. 

Alexander, quum interemisset 2 Clitum, vix manus 
a se abstinuit. 3 

Saepe evenit ut utilitas cum honestate certet. 

Quum exercitum instruxisset/ prselium expec- 
tabat. 

Omnes in potestatem Romanorum sunt redacti. 5 

De perpetua vita, non de hac exigua, cogitate. 

Carneades nullam rem defendit, quam non proba- 
verit ; nullam oppugnavit, quam non everterit. 

Ex eo proelio hostium animi creverunt. 6 

Luna earn lucem, quam a sole accepit, 7 mittit in 
terras. 

Caesar equites in suam potestatem redegit. 5 



1 Pono. 2 Interimo. 3 Abstineo. 4 Instruo. 5 Rldigo. 
6 Cresco. 7 Accipio. 



Verbs. 



93 



DEPONENT VERBS. 



Deponent Verbs have a passive form, with an ac- 
tive or neuter signification. They are found in all 
the four conjugations ; and have all the participles, 
both active and passive. 





1st Conj. 


2d Conj. 


3d Conj. 


4th Conj. 




Indicative. 


Indicative. 


Indicative. 


Indicative, 


Pres. 


Laetor, 


Tueor, 


Utor, 


Molior, 




Loetaris, &c. 


Tueris, &c. 


Uteris, &c. 


Moliris, &c. 


Imp. 


Laetabar, 


Tuebar, 


Utebar, 


Moliebar, 




Laetabaris.&c. 


Tuebaris, &c. 


Utebaris, &c. 


Moliebaris, 


Perf. 


Laetatus sum, 


Tutus sum&c 


Usus sum, 


•Molitus sum, 


Plup 


Laetatus eram, 


Tutus eram, 


Usus eram, 


Molitus eram, 


Fut. 


Laetabor, 


Tuebor, 


Utar, 


Moliar, 




Laetaberis.&c. 


Tueberis, &c. 


Uteris, &c. 


Molieris, &c. 




Subjunctive. 


Subjunctive. 


Subjunctive. 


Subjunctive. 


Pres. 


Laeter, 


Tuear, 


Utar, 


Moliar, 




Laeteris, &c. 


Tuearis, &c. 


Utaris, &c. 


Moliaris, &e. 


Imp. 


Laetarer, 


Tuerer, 


Uterer, 


Molirer, 




Laetareris,&c. 


Tuereris, &c. 


Utereris, &c. 


Molireris, &c. 


Perf. 


Laetatus sim, 


Tutus sim,&c 


Usus sim, &c. 


Molitus sim, 


Plup 


Laetatus es- 
sem, 


Tutus essem, 


Usus essem, 


Molitus essem 
&c. 


Fut. 


Laetatus fuero. 


Tutus fuero. 


Usus fuero. 


Molitus fuero 
&c. 
Imperative. 


• 


Imperative. 


Imperative. 


Imperative. 




Laetare, &c. 


Tuere, &c. 


Utere, &c. 


Molrre, &c. 




Infinitive. 


Infinitive. 


Infinitive. 


Infinitive. 


Pres. 


Laetari, 


Tueri, 


Uti, 


Mofiri, 


Perf. 


Laetatus esse, 


Tutus esse, 


Usus esse, 


Molitus esse, 


Fut. 


Laetaturus 
esse. 


Tuturus esse. 


Usurus esse. 


Moliturus 
esse. 




Participle. 


Participle. 


Participle. 


Participle, 


Pres. 


Laetans, 


Tuens, 


Uteris, 


Moliens, 


Perf. 


Laetatus, 


Tutus, 


Usus, 


Molitus, 


Fut. 


Laetaturus, 


Tuturus, 


Usurus, 


Moliturus, 




Laetandus. 


Tuendus. 


Utendus. 


Moliendus. 



94 Verbs. 

LESSON ON DEPONENT VERBS. 

Socrates totius mundi se civem (esse) arbitraba- 
tur. 

Ubi is finem fecit, extemplo clamor ortus est. 1 

Omnia, quae captae urbes patiuntur, 2 passi 
sum,us? 

Cyrus reversus 3 per noctem, omnes interfecit. 

Popalus universus secutus* judicium principum, 5 
regem constituit. 

Q.uum sanguis corruptus est, morbi nascuntu. 

In illis temporibus bellum grave ezortum est. 6 

Xerxes bellum adversus Graeciam prosecutus est. 7 

Dissensio inter civitatis principes orta est. 1 

Sic victi, 8 perannos multos, omnia servitutis mala 
perpessi siimus? 

Gloria virtu tern tanqnam umbra sequitur. 

Epicurus gloriabatur se magistrum nullum ha- 
buisse. 

Tiberius regnum occupare conatus est. 

In hac re Caesar non solum publicas sed etiam 
privatas injurias ultus est. 10 

Spartani erant victores quocunque vagabantur. 

Per omnes aetates et ordiues victoris crudelitas 
vagata est. 

Exemplum Atheniensium aliae etiam civitates im 
itatce su?it. n 



1 Orior. 2 Patior. 3 Revertor. 4 Sequor. 5 Princeps. 
6 Exorior. 7 Prosequor. 8 Vinco. 9 Perpetior. 10 Ulciscor. 
11 Imitor, 



Verbs. 



95 



IRREGULAR VERBS. 

Eo, Ire, Ivi, Itum, to go. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense, to go. 



Sing. 
Plur. 


Eo, 
Fmus, 


is, 

itis, 

Imperfect, went. 


it, 
e'unt. 


Sing. 
Plur. 


rbam, 
Iba'mus, 


I'bas, 
iba'tis, 

Perfect, have gone. 


i'bat, 
i'bant. 


Sing. 
Plur. 


Fvi, 
Iv'imus, 


ivis'ti, 
ivis'tis, 

Pluperfect, had gone 


i'vit, 

ive'runt, ive're, 


Sing. 
Plur. 


Iv'eram, Iv'eras, 
Ivera'mus, ivera'tis, 


iv'erat, 
iv'erant. 






Future, shall or will go. 


Sing. 
Plur. 


I'bo, 
Ib'imus, 


i'bis, 
ib'itis, 


i'bit, 
i'bunt. 



Sing. 
Plur. 



Sing. 
Plur. 



Sing. 
Plur. 



E'am, 
Ea'mus, 



SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense, may go. 

e'as, e'at, 

ea'tis, e'ant. 

Imperfect, might go. 



I'rem, 
Ire'mus, 



ires, 
ire'tis, 



i'ret, 
Trent 



Perfect, may have gone. 
Iv'erim, iv'eris, iv'erit, 

Iver'imus, iver'itis, iv'erint 



96 



Verbs. 



Sing. 
Plur. 



Sing. 
Plur. 



Pluperfect, might have gcme. 
Ivis'sem, ivis'ses, ivis'set, 

Ivisse'mus, ivisse'tis, ivis'sent. 



Iv'ero, 
Iver'imus, 



Future, shall have gone. 

iv'eris, iv'erit, 



lver'itis. 



iv'erint. 



IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

\ I ) ite 

Present, j^Ito; J ^ eunto, go. 



Present. 
Perfect. 
Future. 



INFINITIVE MOOD. 



Ire, to go. 

Ivis'se, to have gone. 

Esse itu'rus, -a, -urn, to be about to go, 

Fuisse itu'rus. 



PARTICIPLES. 

Pres. lens, Gen. euntis, 
Put. Iturus,-a,-um, 



GERUNDS. 

Eundum, 
Eundi, 
Eundo, &c. 



SUPINES. 

1. Itura 

2. Itu. 



(Here study Lesson First, p. 105.) 

The compounds of eo are conjugated after the same 
manner ; dd-, db-, ex-, 6b-, red-, sub-, per-, co-, in-, prce-, 
ante-, prod-eo : only in the perfect, and the tenses form- 
ed from it, they are usually contracted : thus, adeo, adii f 
seldom adivi, adltum, adire, to go to ; Perf. adii, adiisti r 
or adisti, &c. adieram, adierim,&c. So likewise veneo* 

venii, to be sold, (compounded of venum and eo.} 

But ambio, ivi, Itum, Ire, to surround, is a regular verb 
of the fourth conjugation. 

Queo, I can, and Nequeo, I cannot, are conjugated in the 
same way as eo : only they want the imperative and the 
gerunds ; and the participles are seldom used. 



Verbs. 97 

Volo, velle, volui, to will, or to be willing. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense, am willing* 

Vo'lo, vis, vult, 

Vol'umus, vul'tis, vo'lunt. 

Imperfect, was willing. 
Vole'bam, vole'bas, vole'bat, 

Voleba'mus, voleba'tis, vole'bant. 

Perfect, have been willing. 
Vol'ui, voluis'ti, vol'uit, 

Volu'imus, voluis'tis, volue'runt,voiue're. 

Pluperfect, had been willing. 
Volu'eram, volu'eras, volu'erat, 
Voluera'mus, voluera'tis, volu'erant. 

Future, shall, or will be willing. 
Vo'lam, voles, volet, 

Vole'mus, vole'tis, vo'lent. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense, may be willing. 

Velim, velis, velit, 

Veli'mus, velftis, velint. 

Imperfect, might be willing. 
Vellem, velles, vellet, 

Velle'mus, velle'tis, vellent. 

Perfect, may have been willing. 
Volu'erim, volu'eris, volu'erit, 

Voluer'imus, voluer'itis, volu'erint. 

Pluperfect, might have been willing. 
Voluis'sem, voluis'ses, voluis'set, 
Voluisse'mus, voluisse'tis, voluis'sent 
9 



98 Verbs. 

Future, shall have been willing. 

Sing. Volu'ero, volu'eris, volu'erit. 

Plur. Voluer'imus, voluer'itis, volu'erint. 

INFINITIVE MGOD. 

Present Vel'le, to be willing. 

Perfect. Vol'uisse, to have been willing. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Present Vo'lens, willing. The rest not usecL 



Nolo, nolle, nolui, to be unwilling. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense, am unwilling. 

Sing. Nolo, non'vis, non'vult. 

Plur. Nol'iimus, nonvul'tis, no'lunt. 

Imperfect, was unwilling. 

Sing. Nole'bam, nole'bas, nole'bat 

Plur. Noleba'mus, noleba'tis, nole'bant. 

Perfect, Jiave been unwilling. 
Sing. Nol'ui, noluis'ti, nol'uit, 

Plur. Nolu'imus, noluis'tis, nolue're 

Pluperfect, had been unwilling. 

Sing. Nolu'eram, nolu'eras, nolu'erat 

Plur. Noluera'mus, noluera'tis, nolu'erant. 

Future, shall, or will be unwilling. 

Sing. No'lam, no'les, no'let. 

Plur. Nole'mus, nole'tis, no'leni. 



Verbs. 9? 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense, may be unwilling. 

Sing. No'lim, no'lis, no'lit, 

Plur. Nolfmus, noll'tis, no'lint. 

Imperfect, might be unwilling. 

Sing. Nol'lem, nol'Ies, no] 'let, 

Plur. Nolle'mus, nolle'tis, nol'lent. 

Perfect, may have been unwilling. 

Sing. Nolu'erim, nolu'eris, nolu'erit, 

Plur. Noluer'imus, noluer'itis. nolu'erint. 

Pluperfect, might have been unwilling. 

Sing. Noluis'sem, noluis'ses, noluis'set, 

Plur. Noluisse'mus, noluisse'tis, noluis'sent. 

Future, shall have been unwilling. 

Sing. Nolu'ero, nolu'eris, nolu'erit, 

Plur. Noluer'imus, noluer'itis, nolu'erint. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

2d Singular. 2d Plural. 
Present j JJo^W, j N^jrf j u unwilling, 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. Nolle, to be unwilling. 

Perfect. Noluis'se, to have been unwilling. 

PARTICIPLE. 

Present. No'lens, unwilling. The rest wanting. 



100 Verbs. 

Malo, malle, malui, to be more willing. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense, am more willing. 

Sing. Ma'lo, ma'vis, ma'vult. 

Plur. Mal'timus, mavul'tis, ma'lunt. 

Imperfect, was more willing. 
Sing. Male'bam, male'bas, male'bat. 

Plur. Maleba'mus, maleba'tis, male'bant. 

Perfect, have been more willing. 
Sing. Mal'ui, maluis'ti, maluit. 

Plur. Malu'imus, maluis'tis, ma [ ue ' runt 
• malue re. 

Pluperfect, had been more willing. 

Sing. Malu'eram, malu'eras, malu'erat. 
Plur. Maluera'mus,maluera'tis, malu'erant. 

Future, shall,0T will be more willing. 

Sing. Ma'lam, males, ma'let, &c. 

[This is scarcely in use.] 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense, may be more willing. 

Sing. Ma'lim, ma'lis, ma'lit. 

Plur. Mall'mus, mali'tis, ma'lint. 

Imperfect, might be more willing. 
Sing. Mal'lem, mal'les, mallet. 

Plur. Malle'mus, malle'tis, mallent. 

Perfect, may have been more willing. 
Sing. Malu'erim, malu'eris, malu'erit. 

Plur. Maluer'imr maluer'itis, malu'erint. 



Verbs. 



101 



Pluperfect, might have been more willing. 

Sing. Maluis'sem, maluis'ses, maluis'set, 

Plur. Maluisse'mus, maluisse'tis, maluis'sent. 

Future, shall have beenmore willing. 

Sing. Malu'ero, malu'eris, malu'erit, 

Plur. Maluer/imus, maluer'itis, malu'erint. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. Mal'le, To be more willing. 
Perfect. Maluis'se, To have been more willing. 
The rest not used. 
(Here study Lesson Second, p. 105.) 



Fe'ro, ferre, tuli, latum, to carry, to bring, or bear. 

Active Voice. 



Sing. Fe'ro, 
Plur. Fer'imus, 

Sing. Fere'bam, 
Plur. Fereba'mus, 



Sing. Tuli, 
Plur. Tu'limus, 

Sing. Tu'leram, 
Plur. Tulera'mus, 

Sing. Fe'ram, 
Plur. Fere'mus, 
9* 



INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense, bear. 
fers, fert, 

fer'tis, fe'runt. 

Imperfect, bore. 
fere'bas, fere'bat, 
fereba'tis, fere'bant. 

Perfect, have borne. 
tulis'ti, tu'lit, 



tulis'tis, tule'runt,-e're. 
Pluperfect, had borne. 

tu'leras, tu'lerat, 
tulera'tis, tu'lerant. 

Future, shall bear. 
fe'res, fe' -% 

fere'tis, fe'i, it 



] 



102 Verbs. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense, may bear. 

Sing. Fe'ram, fe'ras, fe'rat, 

Plur. Fera'mus, fera'tis, fe'rant 

Imperfect, might bear. 

Sing. Fer'rem, fer'res, fer'ret, 

Plur. Ferre'mus, ferre'tis, fer'rent. 

Perfect, may have borne. 

Sing. Tu'lerim, tu'leris, tu'lerit, 

Plur. Tuler'imus, tuler'itis, tu'lerint. 

Pluperfect, might have borne. 

Sing. Tulis'sem, tulis'ses, tulis'set, 
Plur. Tulisse'mus, tulisse'tis, tulis'sent. 

Future, shall have borne. 

Sing. Tu'lero, tu'leris, tu'lerit, 

Plur. Tuler'imus, tuler'itis, tu'lerint. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

PreS - \ Ferto, fer ' t0 ' \ FertSe, ferun ' t0 ' j bear 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. Fer're, To bear. 
Perfect. Tulis'se, To have borne. 
Future. Esse latu'rus,-a, -um, About to bear. 
Fuis'se latu'rus, -a, -um. 

PARTICIPLES. GERUNDS. SUPINES. 

Present. Fe'rens, Ferendum, 1. Latum. 

Future. Latu'rus,-a, -um, Ferendi, 2, Latu. 

Ferendo, &c. 



Verbs. 103 

Passive Voice. 
Feror, ferri, latus, to be borne. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense, am borne. 

Sing. Fe'ror, ^*gj fer'tur. 

Plur. Fer'imur, ferlm'ini, ferun'tur. 

Imperfect, was borne. 

Sing. Fere'bar, ^ zfereba , re / fereba'tur. 

Plur. Fereba'mur. ferebam'ini, fereban'tur. 

Perfect, have been borne. 
Sing. Latus sum, or fui, &c. 

Pluperfect, had been borne. 
Sing. Latus eram, or fueram, &c. 

Future, shall be borne. 

Sing. Fe'rar, p J^ fere'tur. 

Plur. Fere'mur, ferem'ini, feren'tur. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Present Tense, may be borne. 

Sing. Fe'rar, 7 J ra ' ris ' fera'tur. 

G ' vel fera re, 

Plur. Fera'mur, feram'ini, feran'tur. 



Imperfect, might be borne. 
ferre'ris, 
vel ferre're, 
Plur. Ferre'mur, ferrem'ini, ferren'tur. 



Sing. Fer'rer, rf fa^'le' ferre'tur. 



104 Verbs. 

Perfect, may have been borne. 
Sing. Latus sim, or fu'erim, &c. 

Pluperfect, might have been borne. 
Sing. Latus es'sem, or fuis'sem, &c. 

Future, shall have been borne. 
Sing. Latus fu'ero, &c. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

Present, be borne. 
Sing. Fer're vel fer'tor, fer'tor. 

Plur. Ferim'ini, ferun'tor. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. Fer'ri, to be borne. 

Perfect. Esse vel fuis'se, latus, -a, -um t to have been 

borne. 
Future. Latum iri, about to be borne. 

(Here study lesson third, p. 105.) 

In like manner are conjugated the compounds of fero; 
as, affero, attuli, ablatum ; aufero, abstuli, ablatum; 
differo, distuli, dilatum ; confero, contuli, collatum ; in- 
fero, intuli, illatum : offero, obluli, oblatum ; effero, ex- 
tuli, elatum. So, circum-, per-, trans-, de-, pro-, ante-, 
pra-, fero. In some writers we find, adfero, adtuli, 
adlatum ; conlatum, inlatum ; obfero, fyc, for offero, 

Obs. Most part of the above verbs are made irregu- 
lar by contraction. Thus, nolo is contracted for non 
volo ; malo for magis volo ; fero, fers, fert, SfC, for feris, 
ferit, Sfc. Feror, ferris, v. ferre, fertur, for ferreris, 



Verbs. 105 

LESSONS ON IRREGULAR VERBS. 
LESSON FIRST. 

Puella it in matrimonium sine dote. 1 
Caesar in provinciam suam iverat. 
Antequam tuas legi literas, ad te ire cupiebam. 
Neutra acies laeta ex eo certamine, 2 abiit. 
Civitates ad officium suum redire coegit. 
Caesar ad earn partem hostium pervenit, quae nondum 
flumen transierat. 

Ille de concilio multis cum millibus ibat 
Q,uum patriam amisi, 3 turn me periisse putato. 4 

LESSON SECOND. 

Yolo omnes de me bene sperare. 

Quae volumus ea credimus libenter. 

Ad earn gloriam quam volumus, aspirare non possu- 
mus. 

Nolumus leges Angliee mutari. 

Nolite fortunam meam convertere in culpam. 

Malo me cum Pompeio vinci, quam cum aliis vin- 
cere. 

Noli putare me istud maluisse. 

Regulus ad supplicium redire maluit. 

LESSON THIRD. 

Terra fruges fert. 

Cyrus post victoriam bellum transfert in Lydiam. 

Atticus tulit pietatis praemium. 

Timeo Danaos et dona, ferentes. 

Cicero omnem suam curam ad philosophiam con- 
tulit. 

Omnem culpam Domitius in Pompeium confert. 

Omnes meas curas in rempublicam confero. 

Simonides primus art em memoriae protulisse fer- 
tur. 

1 Dos. 2 Certamen. 3 Amitto. 4 Puto. 



106 Verbs. 

NEUTER PASSIVE VERBS. 

Neuter Passive Verbs derive the perfect tenses from 
the passive. 

These are, fio, to be made, or done; soleo, solere, 
solitus sum, to be wont; audeo, audere, ausus sum, 
to dare ; gaudeo, gaudere, gavisus sum, to rejoice ; fido, 
fidere, fisus sum, to trust. 

Fio, fieri, factus, to be made, or done, to become. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present, am made. 
Sing. Fio, fis, fit. 

Plur. Fi'mus, fi'tis, fi'unt. 

Imperfect, was made. 
Sing. Fie'bam, fie'bas, fie'bat. 

Plur. Fieba'mus. fieba'tis, fie'bant. 

Perfect, have been made. 
Sing. Factus sum, or fui, &c. 

Pluperfect, had been made. 
Sing. Factus eram, or fueram, &c. 

Future, shall be made. 
Sing. Fi'am, fi'es, fi'et, 

Plur. Fie'mus, fie'tis, fi'ent. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Present, may be made. 
Sing. Fi'am, fi'as, fi'at, 

Plur. Fia'mus, fia'tis, fi'ant. 

Imperfect, might be made. 
Sing. Fi'erem, fi'eres, fi'eret, 

Plur. Fiere'mus, fiere'tis, fi'erent. 



Verbs. 107 

Perfect, may have been made. 
Sing. Factus sim, or fu'erim, &c. 

Pluperfect, might have been made. 
Sing. Factus es'sem, or fuis'sem, &c. 

Future, shall have been made. 
Sing. Factus fu'ero, &c. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

t^ ( Fi, n U ) fi'te n u ) be made, or 

Present. < «;',. ft to > n, ,. nun to, > , 

( Fi to, ) nto te, ' ) become. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Present. Fi'eri, to be made. 

Perfect. Esse vel fuisse, factus, -a, -um, to have been 

made. 
Future. Factum iri, to be about to be made. 

PARTICIPLES. 

Perfect. Factus, -a, -um, made. 

Future. Faciendus, -a, -um, about to be made 

SUPINE. 

Factu, to be made. 



LESSON ON NEUTER PASSIVE VERBS. 

Hoc sine maximo periculo fieri non potest. 
Fit magnus servorum concursus. 
Antipater solitus est versus fund ere ex tempore* 
Quae audacia tantum facmus audet ? 
Nihil ultra fremitum et minas ausce sunt leg> 
ones. 

Meum factum probari abs te gaudeo. 



i 



108 



Verbs. 



DEFECTIVE VERBS. 

Verbs are called defective, which are not used in cer- 
tain tenses, numbers, and persons. 

Preteritive Verbs* 

These three, odi, ccepi, and memini, are only used in 
the preterite tenses, (those derived from the perfect,) and 
therefore are called 'preteritive verbs ; though they have 
sometimes likewise a present signification ; thus, 

Odi, I hate, or have hated, oderam, oderim, odissem, 
odero, odisse. Participles, osus, osurus ; exosus, perosus. 

Ccepi, I begin, or have begun, coeperam, -erim, -issem, 
-ero, -isse. Supine, cozptu. Participles, cceptus, cap- 
turus. 

Memini, I remember, or have remembered, memine- 
ram, -erim, -issem, -ero, -isse. Imperative, memento, me- 
mentote. 

More Defective Verbs. 
Of verbs which want many of their chief parts, the 
following most frequently occur : Aio, I say ; inquam, 
I say ; for em, I should be ; ausim, contracted for ausus 
sim, I dare ; faxim, I'll see to it, or I will do it ; ave, 
and salve, save you, hail, good-morrow ; cedo, tell thou, 
or give me ; qwceso, I pray. 



Aio, to say. 



Present. 

Imperfect. 

Perfect. 



INDICATIVE MOOD. 




Aio, ais, 


ait, 


, 


aiunt 


Aiebam, aiebas, 


aiebat, 


Aiebamus, aiebatis, 


aiebant. 


aisti, 






* Let the pupil be required to tell the tenses of these Preteritive Verbs, and 
of their Participles. 



Verbs. 109 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Present. aias, aiat, 

— aiatis, aiant. 



IMPERATIVE MOOD. 



Present. Ai. 
Present. Aiens. 



PARTICIPLE. 



Inquam, to say. 

INDICATIVE MOOD. 

Present. Inquam, inquis, inquit, 

Inquimus, inquitis, mquiunt. 

Imperfect. inquiebat, 

inquiebant. 



Perfect. inquisti, 

Future. inquies, inquiet. 

IMPERATIVE MOOD. 

Present. Inque, inquito. ■ 



PARTICIPLE. 

Present. Inquiens. 

Forem, to be. 

SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD. 

Imperfect. ( Forem, fores, foret, 

Pluperfect. \ Foremus ; foretis, forent. 

INFINITIVE MOOD. 

Fore, to be hereafter, or to he about to be, is the same 
with esse futurus. 
10 



110 



Verbs. 





Ausim, to dare. 


Faxim, 


to do. 




SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD 


. 


Present. 
Perfect. 


Ausim, 
Faxim, 


ausis, 
faxis, 


ausit 

faxit, 

faxint, 

faxit, 

faxint. 


Future. 


Faxo, 


faxis, 
faxitis. 



Faxim and faxo are used instead of fecerim and fecero* 
Imper. Ave vel aveto; plur. avete ^eZavetote, hail. 

Salve v. sal veto ; plur. salvete v. salvetote, hail. 
Infin. Avere, to hail 

Salvere, to hail. 
Indic. Fut. Salvebis. 

Imper. 2d. per. sing. Cedo ; plur. cedite, yield. 
Indic. Pres. 1st per. sing. Quaeso; plur. qusesumus, I 

pray. 

IMPERSONAL VERBS. 

A verb is called impersonal, which has only the termi- 
nations of the third person singular, but does not admit 
any person or nominative before it. 

Impersonal verbs, in English, have before them the 
neuter pronoun it, which is not considered as a person ; 
thus, delect at, it delights ; decet, it becomes ; contingit, 
it happens ; evenit, it happens : 







Indicative Mood. 






1st Conj. 


2d Conj. 


3d Conj. 


4th, Conj. 


Pr. 


Delectat, 


Decet, 


Contingit, 


Evenit, 


Im. 


Delectabat, 


Decebat, 


Contingebat, 


Eveniebat, 


Per. 


Delectavit, 


Decuit, 


Contigit, 


Evenit, 


Plu. 


Delectaverat, 


Decuerat, 


Contigerat, 


Evenerat, 


Fut. 


Delectabit, 


Decebit, 


Continget, 


Eveniet. 



Verbs. 



Ill 



Subjunctive. 
Pr. Delectet, Deceat, Contingat, Eveniat, 

Im. Delectaret, Deceret, Contingeret, Eveniret, 
Per. Delectaverit, Decuerit, Contigerit, Evenerit, 
Plu. Delectavisset, Decuisset, Contigisset, Evenisset, 
Fut. Delectaverit, Decuerit, Contigerit, Evenerit. 

Infinitive. 
Pr. Delectare, Decere, Contingere, E venire, 
Per. Delectavisse, Decuisse, Contigisse, Evenisse. 

Most Latin verbs may be used impersonally in the 
passive voice, especially neuter and intransitive verbs, 
which otherwise have no passive ; as, pugndtur, fdvetur, 
curritur, venltur ; from pugno, to fight ; faveo, to favor ; 
cur ro, to run ; venio, to come : 

Indicative. 
Pr. Pugnatur, Favetur, Curritur, Venitur, 
Im. Pugnabatur, Favebatur, Currebatur, Veniebatur 
Per, Pugnatum est, Fautum est, Cursumest, Ventum est 
Plu. Pugnatum e- Fautum e- Cursum e- Ventum e- 
rat, rat, rat, rat, 

Fut. Pugnabitur, Favebitur, Curretur, Venietur. 

Subjunctive. 
Pr. Pugnetur, Faveatur, Curratur, Veniatur, 
Im. Pugnaretur, Faveretur, Curreretur, Yeniretur, 
Per. Pugnatum sit, Fautum sit, Cursum sit, Ventum sit, 
Plu. Pugnatum es- Fautum es- Cursum es- Ventum es- 

set, set, set, set, 

Fut. Pugnatum fu- Fautum fu- Cursum fu- Ventum fu- 

erit, erit, erit, erit. 

Infinitive. 
Pr. Pugnari, Faveri, Curri, Veniri, 

Per. Pugnatum es- Fautum es- Cursum es- Ventum es- 
se, se, se, se, 
Fut. Pugnatum iri, Fautum iri, Cursum iri, Ventum iri. 



112 



Exercises in Translating 



EXERCISES 

IN TRANSLATING ENGLISH INTO LATIN.* 

Of, in English, is the sign of the Genitive, 
To and for of the Dative, 

O of the Vocative, 

From, with, by, in of the Ablative. 

When a word is followed by (ace) it must be put in 
the accusative. 

First Declension — pages 8, 15. 



Turba, penna, porta, aqua. 

Aula, fossa, rosa, insula, foe- 
inina. 

Dea, filia, equa. 

Stella, nympha, sagitta, filia. 



Of a crowd, to a pen, from 

the gate, water, (ace) 
In the halls, of ditches, to 

the roses, the islands, (ace) 

the women. 
Of goddesses, to daughters, 

with mares. 
Of the stars,thenymphs,(acc) 

with arrows, to daughters. 



Second Declension — pages 16, 21. 



Animus, annus, equus, am- 
icus. 

Lupus, agnus, equus, patro- 
nus. 

Annus, amicus, servus, ag- 
nus. 

Horatius, filius. 

Puer, magister, vir, liber. 



Regnum, auxilium, vitium, 
bellum, premium. 



Of the mind, from the year, 

to a horse, O friend. 
Of wolves, to lambs, with 

horses, O patrons. 
Of the year, with friends, a 

slave, (ace) lambs, (ace) 
O Horace, O son. 
Of a boy, to the master, 

from the man, of the 

books. 
To a kingdom, with help, of 

vices,to wars,rewards.(acc) 



* These exercises correspond to the reading lessons, and may 
be advantageously taken up step by step with them. 



English into Latin. 



113 



Third Declension — pages 23, 25. 



Sermo (6?iis,) latro (onis,) 

legio (onis,) homo (inis.) 
Rupes (is,) vallis (is,) miles 

(i^z^,) lapis (idis.) 
Honor (oris,) rumor (oris,) 

senator (oris,) auctor (6- 

ris.) 
Flumen (inis,) crimen (inis,) 

lumen (inis,) agmen (inis.) 
Veritas (dtis,) dignitas (d- 

tis,) nobilitas (dtis,) volup- 

tas (dtis.) 
Opus (eris,) corpus (oris,) 

nemus (oris,) sidus (eris.) 
Parens (entis,) mors (mor- 
tis,) laus (dis,) gens (tis,) 

dux (ducis.) 



Of a word, to a robber, of 

the legions, with men. 
To a rock, in the valleys, of 

the soldiers, with stones. 
With honors, of the rumors, 

with the senators, to the 

author. 
Of the rives, crimes, of the 

lights, with the bands. 
Of truth, dignity, (ace) with 

the nobility, of pleasures. 

To the work, with the bodies, 
groves, (ace) to the stars. 

Of a parent, to death, with 
praises, of the nations, 
leaders, (ace) 



Fourth Declension- 



Fructus, senatus, eventus, 
exercitus, gemitus, cornu, 
(n,) fructus. 



■page 31. 

To fruit, with the senate, 
with the events, of armies, 
with a groan, the horns,, 
(ace) with fruits. 



Fifth Declension — page 33. 



Res, fides, spes, series, res, 
dies, fides. 



The thing, (ace) of faith, 
with hope, of the series, of 
the things, in the days, with 
faith. 



Promiscuous Examples in all the Declensions. 



Aula, legio (onis,) Veritas 

(dtis,) senatus (us.) 
Regnum, amicus, laus (dis,) 

res. 

10* 



Of the halls, with the legions, 
of the truth, to the senate. 

Kingdoms, of friends, with 
praises, of things. 



114 



Exercises in Translating 



Magister, opus (eris,) cur- 

sus (us,) puer. 
Voluptas (dtis,) Stella, ag- 

men (inis,) lumen (Inis.) 
Parens (entis,) res, domi- 

nus, lux (lucis.) 
Filia, nemus (oris,) sermo 

(onis,) voluptas (dtis.) 
Otium, mors (tis,) puer, 

fluctus (us.) * 



Masters, of the works, to the 

course, with boys. 
With pleasure, stars, (ace) 

the bands, lights. 
With parents, of the thing, 

lords, (ace) in the light. 
With daughters, the groves, 

(acc)withvvords,inpleasure. 
Of leisure, death, (ace) of 

boys, in the waves. 



ADJECTIVES. 



First and Second Declension — page 35. 



Probus vita, bonus puer, 
magnus regnum, Justus do- 
minus, cams amicus, meus 
filius, tener puella. 

Unus Deus, nullus vir, ullus 
locus, totus regnum. 



Of an upright life, to a good 
boy, in great kingdoms, 
just lords, (ace) with dear 
friends, O my son, of a 
tender girl. 

Of one God, to no man, to 
any place, of the whole 
kingdom. 



Third Declension — pages 36, 37. 



Felix puer, ferox Gallus, fal- 
lax spes, felix inceptum, 
ingens spolium,prudens foe- 
mina, elegans (tis) tem- 
plum. 

Crudelis tyrannus, nobilis 
ingenium, omnis insula, 
sublimis Veritas (dtis,) im- 
mortalis vita, acer leo 
(onis,) brevis sermo (onis,) 
Jenis ventus, dulcis arvura. 



To a fortunate boy, with the 
ferocious Gauls, deceitful 
hope, (ace) with fortunate 
beginnings, great spoils, 
(ace) of a prudent woman, 
of elegant temples. 

To a cruel tyrant, with a 
noble genius, of all the isl- 
ands, with sublime truths, 
in immortal life, to a fierce 
lion, with short speeches, 
to the gentle winds, sweet 
fields, (ace) 



English into Latin, 
Plus vir, plus verbum. 



115 



Duo filia, duo vir, duo se- 
pulchrum. 



Of more men, with more 

words. 
With two daughters, of two 

men, in two sepulchres. 



Comparison of Adjectives — pages 39, 41. 
Doctus vir, carus amicus (m.) Of a more learned man, to 



jucundus verbum. 

Mitis animus, praestans vir- 
tus ( utisf.) pi udens foemina, 
ditis regio (onis, f.) fortis 
vir. 

Pulcher fGemina, liber an- 
imus (m.) 
Creber nuncius. 



a dearest friend, most pleas- 
ant words, (ace.) 

Of a meeker mind, of the 
highest virtue, of a more 
prudent woman, the rich- 
est region, of the braver 
men. 

Very beautiful women, (ace.) 
of the freest minds. 

Very frequent messengers. 



More Irregular — pages 42, 43. 



Magnus vir, malus vita, bo- 
nus via, parvus cura, su- 
per us prudentia, infer us 
locus. 

Prior dolus (m,) propior an- 
nus (m,) ulterior hora,mag- 
nus crudelitas (dtis, f.) 



The greatest men, (ace.) the 
icorst life, in a better way, 
with the least care, of the 
highest prudence, in the 
lowest places. 

The first deceit, (ace.) in the 
next year, in the latest hour, 
the greatest cruelty. 



VERBS. 

The pupil must perfectly comprehend the mode of 
forming the several parts of the verb, from those men- 
tioned in conjugating it, or he cannot proceed in these 
exercises. In this he will be greatly aided by the use of 
the Tree of Formation. 

In these exercises let him ask himself the following 
questions. 1st. What tense is it? 2d. What is that tens* 



116 Exercises in Translating 

formed from, and how? 3d. In what number and person 
am I to put the word ? 

Sum — page 53. 

I was, thou art, he will be ; we had been, ye might be, 
they may have been. 

I might have been, thou wilt be, he has been ; we shall 
be, ye had been, they are. 

I shall have been, thou mayest be, he was ; we might 
have been, ye will have been, they had been. 

I shall be, thou mightest be, he will be; we have 
been, ye will have been, they were. 

Possum — page 53. 

I was able, thou art able, he will be able ; we have 
been able, ye had been able, they might be able. 

I may have been able, thou mightest have been able, 
he shall have been able; we were able, ye have been 
able, they will be able. 

I may be able, thou hadst been able, he shall have 
been able ; we shall be able, ye might have been able, 
they are able. 

REGULAR VERBS. 

FIRST CONJUGATION. 

Active — page 62. 
To praise. Laudo, laud are, laudavi, laudatum. 

I did praise, thou hast praised, he praises ; we had 
praised, ye will praise, they praise. 

I will praise, thou didst praise, he has praised : we had 
praised, ye will praise, they will praise, 

I may praise, thou mightest praise, he may praise ; 
we might have praised, ye may praise, they shall have 
praised. 

I may have praised, thou wilt have praised, he may 
have praised ; we may praise, ye might praise, they might 
have praised. Praise thou, let them praise, let him 
praise. Praising, about to praise. 



English into Latin. 



117 



Passive* — -page 65. 

I am praised, thou wast praised, he has been praised ; 
we shall be praised, ye were praised, they had been 
praised. 

I may be praised, thou mightest be praised, he may 
have been praised ; we might have been praised, ye shall 
have been praised, they might be praised. 

SECOND CONJUGATION. 

Active — page 67. 
To hold. Teneo, tenere, tenui, tentum. 

I did hold, thou hadst held, he will hold; we had held, 
ye shall hold, they did hold. 

I shall hold, thou hast held, he will hold ; we have 
held, ye hold, they will hold. 

I may hold, thou may est have held, he might hold; 
we shall have held, ye may have held, they might have 
held. 

Passive — -page 70. 

I was held, thou art held, he will be held ; we have 
been held, ye had been held, they are held. 

I may be held, thou mightest be held, he may have 
been held ; we might have been held, ye will have been 
held, they may be held. 

THIRD CONJUGATION. 

Active — page 72. 

To lead. Duco, ducere, duxi, ductum. 

I have led, thou leadest, he will lead ; we had led, ye 
did lead, they have led. 



• The pupil should be reminded that, with the exception of the compound 
ones, the tenses of the passive are formed from the corresponding ones of 
the active, by making them end in r, as amor, amabar. 



118 Exercises in Translating 

I shall lead, thou hadst led, he did lead ; we have led, 
ye had led, they lead. 

I may lead, thou mightest lead, he shall have led ; we 
might have led, ye shall have led, they can lead. 

Passive — page 75. 

I was led, thou hast been led, he will be led ; we have 
been led, ye are led, they were led. 

I may be led, thou mayest have been led, he may have 
been led ; we might be led, ye shall have been led, they 
may be led. 

FOURTH CONJUGATION. 

Active — -page 77. 
To punish. Punio, punire, punivi, punitum. 
I did punish, thou punishest, he shall punish ; we have 
punished, ye had punished, they punish. 

I may punish, thou mayest punish, he will have pun- 
ished ; we might have punished, ye may have punished, 
they can punish. 

Passive — page 80. 
I am punished, thou wilt be punished, he has been 
punished ; we have been punished, ye will be punished, 
they are punished. 

I may be punished, thou mayest have been punished, 
he might be punished ; we might have been punished, 
ye shall have been punished, they may be punished. 

Promiscuous Examples. 
To praise. Laudo, laudare, laudavi, laudatum. 
To hold. Teneo, tenere, tenui, tentum. 
To lead: Duco, ducere, duxi, ductum. 
To punish. Punio, punire, punivi, punitum. 

Active. 
I have praised, thou wilt lead, he had held ; we shall 
punish, ye have held, they did lead. 



English into Latin. 119 

I did punish, thou hast praised, he will hold ; we shall 
lead, ye had punished, they did praise. 

I will hold, thou didst praise, he had led; we have 
punished, ye hold, they had praised. 

I may punish, thou mayest have held, he would praise ; 
we might have led, ye shall have held, they can lead. 

I might hold, thou mightest praise, he may punish ; 
we may have held, ye might have punished, they will 
have led. 

Passive. 

I am led, thou wast punished, he has been held ; we 
are praised, ye had been held, they will be led. 

I was led, thou hast been punished, he had been held ; 
we shall be praised, we are punished, they will be held. 

I may be led, thou mayest have been punished, he will 
have been held ; we might be praised, ye can be held, 
they shall have been led. 

Active and Passive. 

I was praised, thou hast been led, he might be held ; 
we shall have punished, ye can lead, they will have been 
praised. 

I might lead, thou hast been punished, he did hold; 
we shall have been led, ye praise, they shall lead. 

I was led, thou hast praised, he has been punished; 
we may have held, ye might have been praised, they 
shall lead. 

I shall be held, thou wilt lead, he may be punished ; 
we might praise, ye may have been held, they punish; 

IRREGULAR VERBS. 

Eo — page 95. 

To go. Eo, Ire, ivi, itnm. 

I will go, thou hast gone, he had gone ; we go, ye did 
go, they have gone- 



120 Exercises in Translating 

I may go, thou mayest have gone, he will have gone ; 
we might go, ye might have gone, they would go. 

Yolo — j) age 97. 
To be willing. Volo, velle, volui. 
I was willing, thou wilt be willing, he had been will- 
ing ; we have been willing, ye are willing, they were 
willing. 

I might be willing, thou shalt have been willing, he 
might have been willing ; we might be willing, ye can 
be willing, they would be willing. 

Nolo — page 98. 
To be unwilling. Nolo, nolle, nolui. 
I have been unwilling, thou wast unwilling, he will be 
unwilling ; we are unwilling, ye had been unwilling, 
they are unwilling. 

I may be unwilling, thou wilt have been unwilling, he 
might be unwilling ; we may have been unwilling, ye 
might have been unwilling, they may be unwilling. 

Malo—page 100. 
To be more willing. Malo, malle, malui. 
I was more willing, thou hast been more willing, he 
had been more willing ; we shall be more willing, ye 
were more willing, they are more willing. 

I might be more willing, thou mayest have been more 
willing, he may be more willing ; we shall have been 
more willing, ye might have been more willing, they 
may be more willing. 

Fero—page 101. 

To bear. Fero, ferre, tuli, latum. 

I did bear, thou hast borne, he will bear ; we ] 
borne, ye will bear, they bear. 



English into Latin. 



121 



I might bear, thou may est bear, he will have borne; 
we might have borne, ye may have borne, they bear. 

Passive. 

I am borne, thou wilt be borne, he was borne ; we 
have been borne, ye had been borne, they are borne. 

I may be borne, thou wilt have been borne ; he might 
be borne ; we might have been borne, ye may have been 
borne, they would be borne. 



NEUTER PASSIVE VERBS. 

Flo — "page 106. 
To become. Fio, fieri, factus sum. 

I did become, thou hadst become, he will become ; we 
become, ye have become, they will become. 

I may become, thou mayest have become, he might 
become; we might have become, they may become. 
11 



SYNTAX. 



*** A part of the Rules of Syntax has been given already 
but they are here taken up in order and fully illustrated. 

The words used in the Latin Lessons will be found in the vo- 
cabulary at the end of the volume. 

In the English Lessons, a figure annexed to a verb denotes the 
conjugation to which it belongs. 

In the same Lessons, if the genitive of a noun is not given ; 
that noun is of the first or second declension. 

PREPOSITIONS.* 

Accusative. 

I. Prepositions ending in a, govern the accusa- 
tive, (except a, from, which governs the ablative ;) 
viz.: 

Contra, against, Erga, towards, Infra, beneath, 

Citra, onjthis side, Extra, without, Juxta, near, 

Circa, around, Intra, within, Supra, above, 

Ultra, beyond. 

II. Eighteen prepositions not ending in a govern 
the accusative ; viz. 

Ad, to, Circum, about, Penes, in the power ef 

Apud, with, Inter, among, Post, after, 

Ante, before, Ob, on account of, Secus, by, along, 

Adversus, > . . Per, by, through, Secundum, according 
Adversum, \ a £ ains *> Propter, for, near, to. 

Cis, on this side. Praeter, besides, Trans, over. 



* As the prepositions are much used, the rules respecting them are give© 
fust. 



Prepositions. 123 

III. Fifteen prepositions govern the ablative ; 
viz. 

A, J Clam \ without the Pro, for, 

Ab, > from ' ( knowledge of, Prse, before, 

Abs, ) rWnm J inthepres- p alflm 4 with the 

° oram ' { «nce <//, ^ alam ' { knowledge of, 
Absque, without, De, o/, concerning, 
Cum, wi£/t, E, ) /• , * Sine, without, 

E ^\ofoutof, Tea ^ upt0 ; 

IV. 7w, 51/&, super, and subter, govern the accu- 
sative, when motion to a place is signified. 

V. When motion or rest in a place is signified, in 
and sub govern the ablative, super and subter, the 
accusative or ablative. 

VL In, when it signifies into, governs the accu- 
sative ; when it signifies in, or among, it governs 
the ablative. 

VII. A preposition in composition often governs 
the same case as when it stands by itself ; as, 

Adeamus scholam, Let us go to school. 
Exeamus schola, Let us go out of school. 

Latin Lesson. 

Te adeunt 1 fere omnes. 

Hanc injuriam praeterire 2 non possum. 

Tu ingredi 3 ill am domum ausus es V 

Ille abdicavit se magistrate 

Non possumus evadere undis. 

Caesar transduxit 5 exercitum fluvium. 

Finibus provincial meae nunquam excessi. 



1 Ad-eo. 2 Praster-eo. 3 In-gredior. 4 Audeo. 5 Trans- 
duce 6 Ex-cedo. 



124 



Agreement. 



AGREEMENT. 

Apposition, or the Agreement of Nouns. 
VIII. Nouns signifying the same thing agree in 
case ; as ? 

Cicero orator, Cicero the orator. 

Latin Lesson. 

Urbs Roma a Romulo dicta est. 

Urbem Romam a principio reges habuere. 

Vidi hunc ipsum Hortensium, ornamentum reipublicae. 

Ad Ptolemaeum re gem legati missi erant. 

Caesar adiit Galliam, provinciam suam. 

Alexander, victor tot regum, a voluptate victus est. 1 

English Lesson to be translated into Latin. 



Caesar imperator (oris, m.) 
Ad urbs (bis, f. ) Roma. 
ARomulus prior vex(gis,m.) 
De Cicero (onis, m.) orator 

(oris, m.) 
Meus films Marcus. 
Deus auctor (orism.)omnis. 

Philosophia(acc,)mater(tfm, 
f.) ars (tis.) 

Philosophus, magister vir- 
tus (utis.) 

Romanus, (ace) dominus res 
(ei.) 



To Caesar the emperor 

To the city Rome. 

FromRomulus the first king 

Concerning Cicero the or- 
ator. 

O my son Marcus. 

To God, the author of all 
things. 

Philosophy, the mother of 
arts. 

Philosophers, masters ot 
virtue. 

The Romans, lords of 
things. 



1 Vinco. 



Adjectives. 



125 



IX. An adjective agrees with its noun, in number, 
gender, and case ; as, 

Bonus vir, a good man. Boni viri, good men. 

Obs. The noun is often understood, or its place is sup- 
plied by the infinitive or a part of a sentence, and then 
the adjective is of the neuter gender ; as, tuum est scire, 
it is thine to know. 

Latin Lesson. 
Filius tuus ad nullam rem utilis est. 
Nemo repente fuit turpissimus. 1 
Omnes boni semper beati sunt. 

Inter philosophos est magna dissensio de summo 2 
bono. 

Vestrum 3 est dare, vincere (est) nostrum. 4 

English Lesson. 
Homo (mis,c.)summortalis. Men are mortal. 



Mora non tutus sum. 
Dulcis sumpaternus solum. 
Humanus consilium sum 

fallax (acis.) 
Mors (tis,£) sum certus, tem- 

pus, (oris, n.) incertus. 
Hie victoria laetus sum. 
Miles (itis, c.) noster ad 

porta sum. 
Certamen (inis, n.) sum 

magnus. 
Homo (inis, c.) sum pronus 

ad vitium quam ad virtus 

(utis, f.) 

lum multus rumor (oris, m.) 

inter senator (oris, m.) 



Delay is not safe. 

Sweet is the paternal soil. 

Human counsels are falla- 
cious. 

Death is certain, the time 
uncertain. 

This victory is joyful. 

Our soldiers are at the gates. 

The contest is great. 

Men are more prone to vice 
than to virtue. 

There are many rumors 
among the senators. 



1 Turpis. 
11* 



2 Superus. 3 Vester. 4 Noster. 



^26 Agreement. 

Agreement of a Verb with its Nominative. 

X. A verb agrees with its nominative in numbei 
and person ; as, 

Ego lego, I read. Vos scribitis, you write. 

Obs An infinitive or part of a sentence often supplies 
the place of the nominative; as, mentm est iurpe, to lie 

This rule has been sufficiently illustrated in the pre- 
ceding examples. 

Noun of Multitude. 
XI. A noun of multitude in the singular may be 
joined with a plural verb ; as, 
Multitudo stant, the multitude stand. 
Latin Lesson. 

Multitudo sunt sine ducibus. 
Magna pars erant csesi. 
Equitatus sunt sine victu. 
Pars militum erant csesi. 

Accusative before the Infinitive. 
XII. The infinitive mood has an accusative be- 
fore it ; as, 

Gaudeo te valere, I rejoice that thou art well 
Obs. The word that in English must usually be intro- 
duced before the infinitive. 

Latin Lesson, 

Gaudeo te salvum esse. 

Miror tuum filium non scribere, 



Agreement. 



127 



Cffisar audivit Helvetios esse in armis. 

Rex jussit omnes ab armis discedere. 

Scis me amare verum. 

Scimus solem esse lucem mundi. 

Virgilius dicit laborem vincere omnia. 

Credo regem amare pacem. 

Amor jussit me scribere. 

Auctores dicunt, Helenam esse causam Trojani belli. 

Scimus solem et lunam prasbere lucem. 

Dicunt necessitatem esse matrem artium. 

Te rediturum esse gaudeo. 

Sepulchrum Cyri aperiri Alexander jussit. 

English Lesson. 



Audio Alius tuus venio. 4 
Scio 4 tribunus venio. (perf.) 

Credo 3 sui negligo. 

Dico 3 films sum mortuus. 
Scio rex (gis) regno. 
Dico 3 tu venio. 4 
Dico 3 rex (gis) mortuus sum. 
Scio Petrus (z,) fleo. 2 
Credo 3 ego eo. 

Gaudeo is valeo. 2 
Audio, frater tuus scribo. 

Affirmo 1 exercitus redeo. 

Fateor ego erro. 1 

Puella dico 3 sui scribo. 

Puer credo 3 sui sum stultum. 



I hear that your son is coming 
Thou knowest that the tri- 
bune has come. 
They believe that they are 

neglected. 
He said that his son was dead. 
I know that the kin^ reims. 
He said that you had come. 
He says that the king is dead. 
I know that Peter weeps. 
They believed that we had 

gone. 
I rejoice that he is well. 
I heard that your brother 

had written. 
He affirmed that the army is 

about to return. 
I have confessed that I have 

erred. 
The girls said that they were 

about to write. 
The boy believed that he 

had been most foolish. 



]2S Agreement. 

The same case after a Verb as before it. 

XIII Any verb may have the same case after 
as before it, when both words refer to the same 
thing; as, 

Ego sum discipulus, I am a scholar. 

Latin Lesson. 

Virtus est pretiosa gemma. 

Experientia est optimus 1 magister. 

Xmpudentia est dedecus, modestia est ornament urn. 

Magni principes existimantur felicissimi. 

Ebnetas est vohmtaria insania. 

Animus est mens sine corpora 3 

Ilia incedit regina. 

Dolor non est maximum 4 malum. 

Cicero erat clarus orator. 

Justitia est prasstantissima 5 virtus. 

English Lesson. 



Hie sum meus gemma. ] 
Ille sum princeps (ipis,) 
Virtus (ntis, f.) sum superus 

nobilitas (atis, i) 
Gallus sum latro (onis, m.) 
Ego sum inimicus. 
Scio tu # sum discipulus. 
Aristides (is) voco 1 Justus. 

Miles (itis, c.) dormio 4 se- 
curus. 



These are my jewels. 
They are princes. 
Virtue is the highest no- 
bility. 
The Gauls are robbers. 
We are enemies. 
I know that ye are scholars, 
Aristides was called (imp.) 
just. 
The soldiers sleep secure. 



Y^^TTF^xTTc^^. 4 Magnus. 5 Prastans. 
* Accusative before tlie infinitive. 



Agreement. 



129 



Words coupled by Conjunctions. 

XIV. The conjunctions et, que, nee, at que, &c. 
couple the same cases and moods ; as, 

Honora patrem et matrem, Honor father and mother. 
Ille legit et scribit, He reads and writes. 

XV. Two or more nouns singular, coupled by the 
conjunctions, et, que, &c, have an adjective, verb, or 
relative plural ; as, 

Pater et mater, qui sunt mortui, The father and mother* who 
are dead. 

Latin Lesson. 
Pater et filius sunt scelesti. 

Menelaus et Paris armati propter Helenam pugnave- 
runt. 

Caesar, Pompeius et Crassus erant primi Triumviri. 
Semper honos, nomenque tuum laudesque manebunt. 

Sometimes the adjective is in the neuter gender, agree- 
ing with negotia, things, understood. 

Ignis et aqua sunt necessaria. 
Honor et potentia sunt incerta. 



English 

Cicero et Hortensius sum 

clarus orator [oris, m.) 
Ego et frater meus lego. 3 
Homo (inis,) et fcemina tru- 

cido. 1 
Carthago (mis, f.) et Corinth- 

us (if.) sum clarus civitas 

(dtis, f.) 



Lesson. 

Cicero and Hortensius were 

illustrious orators. 
I and my brother [we] read. 
The man and woman have 

been murdered. 
Carthage and Corinth were 

illustrious cities. 



' In parsing such passages, the pupil will say : Matrem is coupled by et to 
^ r e e e m ' v an d so governed by honora- scribit is coupled by etto legit, and so 



130 Government. 

GOVERNMENT. 

NOUNS. 

Genitive. 
XVI. One noun governs another in the genitive, 
when the latter signifies a different thing from the 
former ; as, 

Lex naturae, The law of nature. 

Obs. 1. Substantive 'pronouns are governed like nouns, 
2. Sometimes the dative is used for the genitive ; as, 
Ei corpus porrigitur, his body is extended. 

Latin Lesson. 
Scientia est pabulum animi. - 
Honor est premium virtutis. 
Capitolium est arx omnium gentium;* 
Senatus est dominus publici consilii. 
Ex omnibus prsemiis virtutis, amplissimum 2 praemium 
est gloria. 

Causa ejus mortis 3 incerta est. 

Mens hominum 4 ad veram scientiam aptissima 5 est. 

Literarum 6 usus est antiquissimus. 7 

English Lesson. 
Historia sum lux (ucis, f.) Ve- 
ritas, (atis t f.) 



Cursus [us, m.) vita sum 

brevis. 
Varietas (atis, f.) lingua sum 

magnus. 
Fructus (us, m.) amicitia 

sum gratus. 
Eventus (As,m.)bellumsum 

incertus. 



History is the light of truth. 
The course of life is short. 



The variety of tongues is 
great. 

The fruits of friendship are 
grateful. 

The event of war is uncer- 
tain. 



1 Gens. 2 Ampins. 3 Mors. 4 Homo. 5 Aptus. 6 Litera. 
7 Antiquus. 



Government. 



131 



XVII. If the latter of two nouns has an adjective 
of praise or dispraise joined to it, it may be put in 
the genitive or ablative ;* as, 

Vir summaa prudentiae, or, summa prudentia\, a man 
of the greatest prudence. 



Latin Lesson. 

Cicero erat vir magni ingenii et magnae innocentise. 

Rosa est jucundi odoris. 

Ille est homo nulla fide. 

Cimon erat vir summa liberalitate. 

Ille fuit dux incredibili virtute. 

Catilina erat monstrum nulla virtute. 

Filius tuus est puer probae indolis. 

Aristides erat vir admirabilis fidei. 

Ille erat dux regia dignitate. 

Caesar erat vir consilii magni. 



English Lesson. 



•jb'.o (onis) sum vir magnus 

aucioritas (atis, f.) 
hum fosmina nullus pruden- 

tia. 
Sum vir magnus ingenium. 

Sum puer ingenuus pudor 
(Oris, m.) 



Cato was a man of great au- 
thority, (abl.) 

She was a woman of no pru- 
dence, (gen.) 

He is a man of great gen- 
ius, (gen.) 

He is a boy of ingenuous 
modesty, (gen,) 



DiwSded^ S?nS f ^ at the ad J ectlv f. should be °ne of praise or dispraise, 
SS!l frnm l S Q ex P resses some polity of the former noun. This is ob- 
vious from such expressions as, murus pedum quadraginta, a waU of forty 



133 Nmms. 

Adjech :■ s -.v . . s S s 

Will. An adjective in the neuter gender with- 
out a noun, governs thegenitive ; as, 
Multum pecuniae, MWcA (of) mem 

Est multum mali iu oxemplo. 

Gtuid turbffi est apud forum I 
Gluid molestisa est in amino tuo - 
Mums praedse, miam speraverat, 1 fuk. 

E ; . 5 /. . - 



Plus pecunia. 

Quantum error(0ri$,m )sumi 

INiimum bonus res (m, 
Tantum viiumi. 



More money. 
I low much error there is! 
Too much of a good thing. 
80 much \\uu\ 



Opus a .: Ust s . I . \itire. 



\l\. (>/)//.v and Efcws signifying //<r</\ require 
the ablative. 



hatm Lesso 
Est opus tuo maturo adventu. 

Nunc ost virions- majonbus" usus. 
Primiim consulto opus ost. 
Auctoritate tm\ huuc opus ost. 

NonOpus ost plunbus 1 verbis. 
Y r iris fortibus aunc opus ost. 

English Lesson. 



Opus sum dux tducis, c.) 
A.rgentum opus sum. 
Verbura nou sum opus. 
Miles (/:':'>•, C ) sum opus 
Brevitas (dii$,f.) sum emus. 



There is a want of loaders. 
There is need of silver. 
There is no need o( words, 
There is need o( soldiers 
There is need of brevity. 



1 Spero. 3 Vis. :> Magnus, -I Multus, 



Government. 



133 



GOVERNMENT OF ADJECTIVES. 

Adjectives governing the Genitive. 

XX. Verbal adjectives, or such as signify an af- 
fection of the mind, govern the genitive ;* as, 

Patiens algoris, patient of the cold. 

Latin Lesson. 

Helvetii cupidi pacis 1 legatos mittunt. 
Illi erant novarum cupidi rerum. 
Romani semper avidi laudis 2 fuerunt. 
Semper ignarus rerum mearum fuisti. 
Omnes sunt memores 3 virtutis tuse. 
Ego nullius culpse conscius sum. 
Semper appetentes gloria? fuistis. 
Ejus animus futuri anxius est. 
Tempus edax rerum est. 

English Lesson. 



Vivo 3 memor lethum. 

[lie sum memor [oris) bene- 

ficium. 

[gnarus sum futurum. 
[lie sum avidus gloria, 
[lie sum negligens res (rei) 
Pilius tuus sum cupiens sci- 

entia. 
3um conscius nullus culpa. 



Live mindful of death. 
They are mindful of benefits. 

We are ignorant of the future. 
He is desirous of glory. 
They are negligent of things. 
Thy son is desirous of know- 
ledge. 
I am conscious of no fault. 



* The younger class of pupils will need some explanation, as to the meaning 
>f a verbal, and an affection of the mind. 



1 Pax. 
12 



2 Laus. 3 Memor. 



134 Adjectives. 

XXI. Partitives* and words placed partitively, 
comparatives, superlatives, interrogatives, and some 
numerals, govern the genitive plural ; as, 

Aliquis Philosophorum, Some one of the philosophers. 
Senior fratrum, The elder of the brothers. 
Doctissimus Romanorum, Most learned of the Romans, 

Latin Lesson, 

Juvenum 1 nobilissimus 2 salvus est. 
Cicero erat doctissimus 3 Romanorum. 
Nulla ejus sororum 4 aderat. 5 
Nemo nostrum sine culpa est. 
Rhenus est maximus fluminum omnium. 
Unus natorum Priami fugit. 

XXII. Any adjective may govern the dative in 
Latin, which has the sign to or for after it m 
English ; as, 

Utilis bello, Useful for war, 
Similis patri, Like to his father. 

Latin Lesson. 
Hsec insula est grata mihi. 
Veritas mihi grata est. 
Ira insanias est simillima. 
Nihil est tarn inimicum menti quam voluptas. 
Ejus mors erat consentanea vitse. 

English Lesson. 



Filius sum similis pater, (ris) 
Homo (inis, c.) sum utilis 

homo. 
Sum similis frater (tris.) 



The son is like the father. 
Men are useful to men. 

Thou art like thy brother. 



* A partitive is a word which denotes part of some whole. 
1 Juvenis. 2 Ncbilis. 3 Doctus, 4 Sof or. 5 Adsum. 



Government. 135 

Ablative. 

XXIII. These adjectives, digitus, indignus, 
contentus, prceditus, captus, and fretus ; also na- 
tus, satus, ortus, editus, and the like, govern the 
ablative ; as, 

Dignus honore, Worthy of honor. 

Latin Lesson. 

Nemo nostrum est dignus odio. 
Mens est praedita motu sempiterno. 
Disce parvo esse contentus. 
Alcibiades summo natus genere erat. 
Virtute qui preediti sunt soli sunt drvites. 
Qui suis* contentus est, is vere ditissimus est. 
Ille erat indignus suis majoribus. 
Tanto honore non dignus sum. 

English Lesson. 



Cicero (onis,) sum dignus 
honor (oris, m.) 
Puer sum captus oculus. 

Mecsenas, editus rex (re- 



Cicero was worthy of ho- 
nor. 

The boy is deprived of his 
eyes. 

O Mecsenas, descended from 



gis.) I kings. 

Adjectives of plenty and want. 

XXIV. Adjectives of plenty and want govern the 
genitive or ablative ; as, 

Plenus irse or ira, Full of anger. 

* Suis (his own things) agrees with negotiis understood. 






136 



Adjectives. 



Latin Lesson. 

Animus bestiarum est expers rationis. 

Vultus Catilinae erat plenus furoris. 

Ejus mens est metu vacua. 

Erat turn Italia plena Graecarum artium. 

Solitudo est plena metus. 

Horti rosarum pleni sunt. 

Terra triumphis dives est. 

Intrepida mens est externo metu vacua. 

Domus servis est plena superbis. 

Sermo ejus arrogantise plenus est. 

Dei plena sunt omnia. 

Mens ejus cur a vacua est. 

Longa senectus est plena malorum, 



English Lesson. 



Domus (us, f.) sum plenus 
aurum. 
Omnis sum plenus Deus. 

Ille non sum expers pericu- 

lum. 
Mens is sum ratio vacuus. 

Lentulus non verbum inops. 

Tu sum plenus risus. 
Arbor sum fructus expers. 

Cor sum plenus timor. 



The house is full of gold, 
(gen.) 

All things (nom. plu. neu.) 
are full of God. 

They are not free from dan- 
ger. 

His mind is void of reason, 
(gen.) 

Lentulus was not wanting 
for words. (abl.) 

Ye are full of laughter, (abl.) 

The trees are destitute of 
fruit. 

Their hearts are full of fear, 



Verbs. 



137 



GOVERNMENT OF VERBS. 

Genitive. 
Verbs governing one case. 
XXV. Sum and jto y when they signify posses- 
sion, property, or duty, govern the genitive ; as, 
Est regis. It belongs to the king, or is the duty of the king. 

Meum, tuum, suum, nostrum, and vestrum, are not put 
in the genitive; as est regium, same as est regis. 

Latin Lesson. 
Temeritas est florentis 1 setatis 2 , prudentia senectutis. 
Est fortis animi non perturbari in rebus adversis. 
Hi libri sunt fratris mei. 
Est insipientis 3 dicer e, non putaveram. 
Asia Romanorum facta est. 

English Lesson. 



Homo (inis) sum erro. 

Hie domus (us, f.) sum pa- 
ter (tris,) meus. 

Pecus (oris, n.) sum Meli- 
bceus. 

Hie sum homo (inis.) 



It is the part of man to err. 

These houses are [the prop- 
erty] of my father. 

The flock is [the property] of 
Meliboeus. 

These things belong to man. 



XXVL Misereor, miseresco, and satago, govern 
the genitive ; as, 
Miserere civium tuorum, Pity your citizens. 

Latin Lesson. 
Mors miseretur nee divitis 5 nee pauperis. 
Miserescite filiorum tuorum. 
Is quoque rerum suarum satagit. 
Miserere animi non digna ferentis. 



1 Participle from fioreo. 2 JEtas. 3 Insipiens. 4 Fio. 5 Dives. 

12* 



138 Government, 

Dative. 

XXVII. Sum and its compounds govern the da- 
tive, except possum ; as, 
Prsefuit exercitui, He commanded the army, 

Latin Lesson. 

Huic homini non minor vanitas inerat quam audacitas, 
Caesar prsefuit toti provinciae. 
Diligentia prodest discipulis. 

English Lesson. 

He was present at prayers. 



Corn was wanting to the 
Romans. 

These regions he command- 
ed. 



Adsum (perf.) preces (um y 
no sing.) 

Frumentum Romanus de- 
sum, {perf.) 

Hie regio (onis % f.) prsesum. 
(perf.) 

XXVIII. Est taken for habeo, to have, governs 
the dative ; as, 
Est mihi liber, there is to me, i. e. 2 have a book. 

Latin Lesson. 

Ciceroni erat prompta et profluens eloquentia. 

Sunt nobis mitia poma. 

Magna vis est leoni. 

Homini cum Deo similitudo est. 

Ibi est fons cui nomen est Arethusa. 

English Lesson. 



Sum ego duo filia. 

Sum ego carmen (inis, n.) 

Dico liber sum ego. 

Ego sum opus sumptus (us.) 
Sum ego opus nummus. 



I have two daughters. 
I have songs. 
I say that I have books, i. e. 
that books are to me. 
We have need of expense, 
I have need of money. 



Verbs. 139 

XXIX. Verbs compounded with satis, bent, and 
male, govern the dative. 

Latin Lesson. 

Filius tuus satisfecit mihi per literas. 
Maledixit amico suo sine ulla causa. 
Pulchrum est benefacere reipublicse. 

XXX. Verbs compounded with these ten prepo- 
sitions, ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob, prce, post, sub, 
and super, govern the dative. 

Latin Lesson. 

Alcibiades animum voluptati addixit. 
Noli anteponere voluptatem officiis. 
Mars prsesidet armis. 
Magnum terrorem hostibus incussit 
Maximum periculum consuli impendet. 
Nemo alteri imperium volens concedit. 
Mors recte comparatur somno. 

XXXL Verbs signifying to profit and hurt ; to 
favor and assist, or the contrary ; to command and 
obey ; to serve and resist ; to threaten and be an- 
&ry ; to trust, and a few others, govern the dative. 

XXXII. Any verb may govern the dative in Lat- 
in, which has the sign to or for after it in English.* 



• It is rather desirable, as this rule is of a very general nature, that the 
ireceding ones should be given, in all cases where they apply. 






140 



Verbs. 



Latin Lesson. 

Caesar preecipue indulgebat decimae legioni, et propter 
virtutem ei maxime confidebat. 

Sapientes imperant cupiditatibus, quibus alii serviunt. 

Corpus animo nostro parere debet. 

Caloris vicissitudo nocet corpori. 

Nonnullae herbae hominibus nocent. 

Boni liberi parentibus parent, 

Virtutes placent Deo, vitia ei displicent. 

Confide virtuti, sed diffide vitio. 

Voluptatibus simul et virtuti nemo servire potest. 

Isti sentential favere non possum. 

Mors nulli 9Btati parcit. 

Nobis placeant ante omnia silvss. 

Bonis nocet qui pepercerit malis. 

Stultum est hominem imperare aliis, qui nescit sibi 
imperare. 

English Lessons. 



Mors immineo 2 omnis. 
Bonus puer pareo 2 parens 

(entis, c.) is. 
Consulo 3 tu, prospicio 3 pa- 

tria. 

Ille indulgeo 2 frater. 
Confido homo. 
Ille diffido 3 hostis. 
Tu parco 3 puer. 



Death threatens all. 

A good boy obeys his pa- 
rents. 

Consult for yourselves, look 
out for your country. 

He indulged his brother. 

I trust the man. 

They distrust the enemy 

Ye spare the boy. 



Government. 141 

XXXIIL A verb signifying actively, governs the 
accusative ; as, 
Ama Deum, hove God. Reverere parentes, Revere parents. 

Obs. Neuter verbs may govern the accusative, when 
the noun after them has a signification similar to their 
own; as, ire iter, to go a journey ; ludere lusum, to play 
a play. 

Latin Lesson. 

Sincera fides jungit veros amicos. 
Patiens vir habet ssquum animum. 
Arcadius Pan curabat pascentes 1 oves. 
Barbarus hostis habebit haec culta arva. 
Brutum Romans matronae per annum luxerunt.* 
Ariovistus legatum ad Caesarem mittit. 
Centuriones erant fortissimi viri, sed habebant inter se 
perpetuas controversias. 

Vita bene acta senectutem efficit jucundam. 
Romulus fundavit imperium Romanum. 

English Lesson. 

Doctrina efficio 4 vita suavis. 
Labor omnis {ace. flu. neu.) 

vinco. 3 
Audax [axis) fortuna juvo. 1 
Honor alo 3 ars (lis, f.) 
Deus mundus creo. 1 (perf.) 



Romulus Roma fundo. 

(perf.) 
Sperno 3 voluptas (atis, f.) 
Veneror 1 omnis bonus. 



Learning makes life sweet. 
Labor conquers all things. 

Fortune favors the brave. 
Honor cherishes the arts, 
God created the world. 
All love gold. 
Romulus founded Rome. 

Despise pleasures. 
Venerate all the good. 



1 Pasco. 2 Lugeo, 



142 Verbs. 

XXXIV. Recordor, memini, reminiscor, and o&- 
liviscor, govern the accusative or genitive ; as, 

Recordor lectionis, or lectionem, I remember the lesson. 

Latin Lesson. 

Res adversae admonent religionum. 
Animus meminit praeteritorum, futura prasvidet. 
Dulce est meminisse actorum laborum. 
Cohortatus est ilios, controversiarum et dissensionum 
obliviscerentur. 

Non obliti sumus conjugum et liberorum. 

Ablative. 

XXXV. Verbs of plenty and scarceness, for the 
most part, govern the ablative ; as ? 

Abundat divitiis, He abounds in wealth. 
Obs. Indigeo and egeo govern the genitive also. 

Latin Lesson. 

Qui virtute caret, omnibus caret. 

Germania rivis fluminib usque abundat. 

Gluam miserum est carere consuetudme amicorum 

Non tarn artis indigent, quam laboris. 



English Lesson. 



Sicilia affluo 3 frumentum. 
Consilium egeo.* 
Careo 2 omnis culpa. 
Aurum abundo. 1 



Sicily abounds in corn. 
You want counsel. 
He is free from all fault 
He abounds in gold. 



Government. 143 

XXXVI. Utor^ abutor, fruor, fungor, potior^ 
nascor, and vescor, govern the ablative ; as, 
Utitur fraude, He uses fraud. 

Obs. To these add gaudeo, creor, vivo, victiio, consto, 
labor o, (to be sick,) pascor^ epulor, nltor, fyc. But potior 
often governs the genitive. 

Latin Lesson. 

De omnibus his rebus utere tuo judicio. 

Abusus est legibus 1 ad quaestum atque ad libidinem. 8 

Vita eternaboni fruuntur. 

Hoc munere 3 functus est maxima cum laude. 4 

English Lesson. 



Abutor 3 liber. 

Lac (-tis, n.) et mel (mellis, 

n.) vescor. 3 
Pater (tris) illustris nascor. 3 

Utor 3 dolus. 



He abuses books. 

They feed on milk and ho- 
ney. 

He is sprung from an illus- 
trious father. 

They use deceit. 

Verbs governing two cases. 
XXXVII. Sum, taken for affero, (to bring,) gov- 
erns two datives, the one of a person, the other of a 
thing; as, 

Est mihi voluptati, It is to me for pleasure, i. e. It 
brings me pleasure. 

Obs. Two datives are likewise put after habeo, do, 
duco, puto, tribuo, verio, venio, relinquo t mitto, fore* 

Latin Lesson. 
Non erit auxilio tibi pecunia. 
Bonus puer est honori ejus parentibus. 
Lupus est exitio pecori. 5 

1 Lex. 2 Libido, 3 Munus. 4 Laus. 5 Pecus. 



144 Verbs. 

Accusative and Genitive. 

XXXVIII. Verbs of accusing, condemning, ac- 
quitting, and admonishing, govern the accusative 
of a person, with the genitive of a thing ; as, 

Arguit me furti, He accuses me of theft 
Latin Lesson. 

Senatus proditionis 1 eum accusavit. 

Verrem 2 insirnulavit avaritia3 et audacise. 

Lupus arguebat vulpera 3 furti. 

Condemno me ipsum inertiae. 

Alexander, in transitu, admonuit eos beneficiorum ejus 
patris. 

Res adversse admonent homines religionis. 

English Lesson. 



Judex (ids, c.) is damno 1 

(perf) casdes (is, f.) 
Moneo 2 ego officium. 

Ille homicidium absolve 3 



The judge condemned him 
for murder. 

He admonishes me of my 
duty. 

They acquit him of homi- 
cide. 

XXXIX. Verbs of valuing, with the accusative, 
govern such genitives as these, magni, parvi, ni 
hili ; as, 

iEstimo te magni, I esteem you much. 

Latin Lesson. 

Magni ssstimabat pecuniam. 
Sapiens voluptatem minimi facit. 
Villam tanti vendidit, quanti voluit 
Villam emit minor is quam expectavit. 



1 Proditio. 2 Verres. 3 Vulpes. 






Government. 



145 



XL. Verbs of comparing, giving, declaring, 
and taking axoay, govern the accusative and da- 
tive ; as, 

Comparo Virgilium Homero, I compare Virgil with Ho- 
mer. 

Obs. The rule may be made general in these terms : 
Any verb may govern the accusative and dative, when 
together with the object of the action, we express the 
person or thing with relation to which it is exerted* 

Latin Lesson. 

Natura hominem conciliat homini. 
Rem difficilem tibi commisit. 1 
Idem supplicium minatur optimis civibus. 2 
Populus sibi tribunos plebis 3 creavit. 
Caesar Britannis bellum intulit. 4 
Brutus Tarquinio ademit imperium. 
Plato vinum vetat pueris. 

English Lesson. 



Do 1 ego pecunia. 
Lego 3 lectio, (onis, f.) tu. 

Narro 1 fabula surdus. 

Macto 1 hostia Deus. 

Caesar interdico 3 Gallia Hel- 

vetii. 
Mitto 3 epistola filius suus. 
Emo 3 liber frater (tris.) 



Give (to) me money. 

I will read the lesson to 

you. 
Thou tell est the story to a 

deaf man. 
He sacrifices a victim to the 

Gods. 
Caesar interdicts Gaul to the 

Helvetians. 
He sends a letter to his son. 
He buys books for his brother 



• The rule thus expressed will need some explanation to make it intelligible 
to the younger class of pupils. 



1 Committo. 
13 



2 Civis. 3 Plebs. 4 Infero. 



146 Government. 

Two Accusatives. 

XLL Verbs of asking and teaching, govern two 
accusatives, the one of a person and the other of a 
thing ; as, 

Poscimus te pacem, We ash of thee peace. 

Obs. Celo also governs two accusatives. 

Latin Lesson. 

Posce Deum animum fortem et carentem terrore. 
Morborum te causas docebo. 
Hoc unum te oro, ut in rectam redeas viam. 
Filium docuit Graecas literas. 
Ejus consilia me non celare potest. 
Rogavi patrem veniam. 
Multa hominem necessitas docet. 
Sapiens docebit filios justitiam atqua fortitudinem. 
Catilina juventutem multa facinora 1 edocebat. 
Fortuna victos 2 quoque belli artem docet. 
Minerva edocuit Telemachum omnes artes suas : eiu- 
divit eum leges prseceptaque belli. 

English Lesson. 



Posco 3 Deus venia. 
Doceo 2 ego grammatica. 
Celo 1 tu hie res (ei, f.) 
Oro 1 venia tu. 



Ask pardon of God. 
He teaches me grammar. 
I conceal from you this thing. 
We ask your pardon. 



Accusative and Ablative. 

XLIL Verbs of loading, binding, clothing, de- 
priving, and some others, govern the accusative 
and ablative ; as, 

Oner ant naves auro, They load, the ships with gold. 

1 Facinus. 2 Vinco. 



Verbs. 



147 



Latin Lesson. 

Hasc nova philosophia nos quiete 3 privat. 

Sol implet mundum luce sua. 

Tyrannus sanguine 4 et caede 5 urbem implevit. 

Democritus dicitur se privasse oculis. 

Scylla sociis spoliavit Ulyssem. 

Deus animum vestivit corpore. 

Onerat inimicos catenis. 

Csesar liberavit castra obsidione. 

Cumulavit amicos muneribus multis. 

Urbem obsidione Galli cinxerunt. 



English Lesson. 



Spolio 1 virtus (utis, f.) de 

cus {oris, n.) 
Pater (tris) cibus privo. 1 
Daps (dapis, f.) mensa on 

oro. 1 
Cumulo 1 altare (is, n.) do- 

num. 
Terra nox (noctis, f.) obruo 3 

umbra. 
Epistola tuus(adj.) ego 83gri- 

tu&o (dinis, f.) levo. 1 
Lucius Flaccus sui scelus 

(eris, n.) alligo. 1 
Impleo 2 crater a merum. 

Homo, (inis, c.) omnis orbo 1 

sensus, (us, m.) 
Fraudo 1 miles (itis, c.)victus 

(us, m.) et pecunia. 



He robs virtue of its beauty, 
[bread. 

He deprives his father of 

They load the tables with 
dainties. 

I will heap the altars with 
presents. 

Night covered over the earth 
with shadows or darkness. 

Your letter has relieved me 
from anxiety. 

Lucius Flaccus may entan- 
gle himself in villany. 

They fill the goblets with 
wine. 

He deprived the man of all 
sense. 

He had defrauded the sol- 
diers of their food and mo- 
ney. 



3 Gtuies. 4 Sanguis. 5 Oacdes. 



148 



Government. 



CONSTRUCTION OF PASSIVE VERBS. 



XLIIL When a verb in the active voice goverm 
two cases, in the passive it retains the latter case ; 



as. 



Accusor furti,* lam accused of theft. 
Latin Lesson. 



Active. 
Narras fabulam surdo. 
Pateram vino implevit. 
Pueros grammaticam docet. 

Eripuit puellam nobis. 
Comparat Virgilium Home- 

ro. 
Damnaverunt eum proditio- 

nis. 
Tibi do librum. 
Rem nuntiant hostibus. 
Onerat navem auro. 
Accusant eum furti. 
Vinciunt Gallos catenis. 
Solvunt eum catenis. 
Habent aurum magni. 
Absolvunt eum criminis. 
Privant eum cibo. 



Passive. 

Surdo fabula narratur. 

Vino patera est impleta. 

Pueri docentur grammati- 
cam. 

Puelia nobis erepta est. 

Virgilius comparatur Home- 
ro. 

Damnatus est proditionis. 

Tibi liber datur. 
Res hostibus nuntiatur. 
Navis auro oneratur. 
Is furti accusatur. 
Galli catenis vinciuntur. 
Is catenis solvitur. 
Aurum habetur magni. 
Is criminis absolvitur. 
Is cibo privatur. 

damnatus est, et expulsus 



Themistocles proditionis 
(est) urbe. 

Accusatus est gravissimorum 1 scelerum, 2 sed absolutus 
est omnibus. 

Sapientium 3 dicta ssepe parvi existimantur. 



* The pupil must first give the rule forgoverning the two cases in the active 
and then the present rule. To establish this habit, examples are given,, first 
in the active, and then in the passive. 

1 Gravis. 2 Scelus. 3 Sapiens. 



Verbs. 149 

CONSTRUCTION OF IMPERSONAL VERBS. 

XLIV. An impersonal verb governs the dative ; 
as, 

Expedit reipublicas, It is expedient for the republic 
Latin Lesson. 

Aliis si licet, tibi non licet. 

Accidit mihi prseter opinionem. 

Omnibus bonis expedii salvam esse rempublicam. 

Neque satis Bruto neque tribunis const abat, quid age- 
rent. 

Placitum est 1 Caesari, ut hanc copiam mecum du* 
cerem. 

Exceptions. 

1. Refert and interest require the genitive; as, 
Refert patris, It concerns my father. 

Obs. But mea, tua, sua, nostra, and vestra, are put in 
the accusative plural. 

2. These five, miseret, pcenitet, pudet, tcedet, and pi* 
get, govern the accusative of a person, and the genitive 
of a thing ; as, 

Miseret me tui, J pity you. 

Taedet me vitae, / am weary of life. 

3. Decet, delectat, juvat, and oportet, govern the ao 
cusative of a person with the infinitive ; as, 

Delectat me studere. It delights me to study. 

Non decet te rixari, It does not become you to scold, 

1 Placet. 
13* 



150 



Government. 



CONSTRUCTION OF THE INFINITIVE. 



as, 



XLV. One verb governs another in the infinitive ; 



Cupio discere, I desire to learn. 

Latin Lesson. 

Galli impetum nostrorum militum non poterant sus- 
tinere. 

Virtus una potest vitam reddere beatam. 
Haud ignarus mali miseris succurrere disco. 
Civis Romanus libertatem non potest amittere. 
Natura dedit 1 omnibus esse beatis. 
Volebat oblivisci 2 veteris 3 injuriae. 

The infinitive is sometimes governed by an adjective. 
Horatius est dignus legi. 



English Lesson. 



Cupio disco. 3 

Tu cum vivo 3 amo. 

Omnis cupio 4 beate vivo. 3 

Soleo 2 mentior. 4 

Disco 3 vivo 3 parvus (ab.) 

contentus. 
Thespis dico 3 invenio 4 (^er/) 

tragedia. 
Non possum excuso 1 culpa 

tua. 
Hie (neu.) non possum ne- 

go. 1 (pres. pass.) 
Debeo 2 impero 1 animus tuus. 



I desire to learn. 

I love to live with you. 

All desire to live happily. 

He is accustomed to lie. 

Learn to live content with 
little. 

Thespis is said to have in- 
vented tragedy. 

I cannot excuse thy fault. 

This cannot be denied. 



Thou oughtest 
thy mind. 



to govern 



IDo. SObiiviscor. 3 Vetus. 



Gerunds. 151 

CONSTRUCTION OF PARTICIPLES, GERUNDS, AND SUPINES. 

XL VI. Participles, gerunds, and supines, govern 
the same cases as their verbs ;* as, 

Amans virtutem, Loving virtue. 

XL VII. The gerund in dum, taken impersonally 
with the verb est, governs the dative ; as, 

Legendum est mihi, I must read. 

Latin Lesson. 

Duplices tendens ad sidera 1 palmas. 

Videt sidera innumerabilia vnhcerentia 2 ccelo 

Amicitia omnibus humanis rebus anteponenda 3 est. 

GOVERNMENT OF GERUNDS. 

XL VIII. Gerunds are governed like nouns in the 
same cases. 

1. The gerund in di is governed by nouns, or by adjec- 
tives, denoting an affection of the mind; (see rule xx.) 

Nova ratio bellandi est necessaria. 
Cicero docendi peritissimus 4 erat. 

2. The gerund in do, of the dative case, is governed by 
adjectives, especially those signifying usefulness or fitness. 

Charta utilis est scribendo. 
Exercitus aptus est gcrendo bellum. 

3. The gerund in dum of the accusative case, is gov- 
erned by prepositions, especially by ad or inter. 

Inter ambulandum de magnis operibus Dei confabula- 
bimur. 5 

4. The gerund in do of the ablative case, is governed by 
prepositions, or used as an ablative of the cause or manner. 

Poena a peccando absterret. Memoria augetur excolendo. 

* That is, if the verb governs a genitive, dative, accusative, or ablative, the 
participle, <fcc, governs that case also. 

1 Sidus. 2 Inhaereo. 3 Antepono. 4 Peritus. 5 Confabulor. 



152 Government. 

Gerunds turned into Participles in dus. 

XLIX. Gerunds, governing the accusative, are 

elegantly turned into participles in dus, which like 

adjectives agree with their substantives in gender, 

number, and case ; as, 

Petendum est pacem, into Petenda est pax. 

Peace is to be sought. 

Tempus petendi pacem, into Tempus petendce pacts. 

The time of seeking peace. 

Ad petendum pacem, into Ad petendam pacem. 

To seeking peace. 

A petendo pacem, into A petenda pace. 

From seeking peace. 

Latin Lesson. 
Initum 1 fuit consilium urbis delenda? 
Omnes Graecise civitates pecuniam ad adificandarn? 
classem* dant. 

Diem delegerunt 5 ad inimicos opprimendos. 6 

SUPINES. 

L. The supine in um is put after verbs of mo- 
tion ; as, 

Abiit deambulatum, He has gone to walk. 

Latin Lesson. 
Ad Csesarem venit oratum 1 ut sibi ignosceret. 
Imperator duxit 8 milites prcedatum? 
Rogatum 10 auxilium ad CaBsarem legatos mittunt. 
LI. The supine in a is governed by adjectives ; as, 
Facile dictu, Easy to tell, or to be told. 

Latin Lesson. 
Res est non modo visu 11 focdum, sed etiam auditu. 12 



1 Ineo. SDeleo. 3 iEdifico. 4Classis. 5 Deligo. 6 Opprimo, 
7 Oro. 8 Duco. 9 Praedo. 10 Rogo. 11 Video. 12 Audio* 



Adverbs. 153 

GOVERNMENT OF ADVERBS. 

LII. Some adverbs of time, place, and quantity} 
govern the genitive ; as, 
Pridie ejus diei, The day before that day. 

Obs. Instar and ergo used as adverbs, govern the gen- 
itive. Ante and post used as adverbs, govern the ablative. 

Latin. Lesson. 
Pridie ejus diei vela dedit vento. 
Postridie ejus diei Augustus de hostibus 1 triumphavit. 
Cimon filius Miltiadis, 2 satis habuit eloquentiae. 

LIIL Some derivative adverbs govern the same 
case as the words from which they are derived ; as, 

Omnium optime* loquitur, He speaks best of all. 

Latin Lesson. 
Ille naturae convenienter vivit. 
Obviam\ hosti eunt consules. 

LIV. The adverbs en and ecce, govern the nom- 
inative or accusative ; as, 

En hostis, or hostem, Behold the enemy. 
INTERJECTIONS. 

LV. The interjections, O, heu, and proh, gov- 
ern the nominative, accusative, or vocative ; as, 

O vir bonus, or bone, O good man. 
Heu me miserum, Alas, miserable me I 

LVI. Hex and vce govern the dative ; as. 
Hei mihi, Ah me. 

1 Hostis. 2 Miltiades. 

* Optimus, as a superlative, governs the genitive plural. See rule xxi. 
t To meet. The words from which convenienter and obviam are derived, 
govern the dative by rule xxii. 



154 Government. 

CONSTRUCTION OF CIRCUMSTANCES. 

LVII. The price of a thing is put in the ablative ; 
as, 

Emi lib rum duobus assibus, I bought a book for two shillings. 
Obs. These genitives, tanti, quanti, pluris, minoris, 
are excepted. 

Latin Lesson. 
Viginti talentis unam orationem Isocrates vendidit. 
Cupivit auro vendere patriam. 
Nocet empta dolore voluptas. 
Demosthenes docebat talento. 

LVIIL The cause, manner, and instrument, are 
put in the ablative : as, 

Cause. Palleo metu, I am pale from fear. 
Manner. Fecit suo more, He did it in his ovm way. 
Instrument. Scribo calamo } I write with a fen. 

Obs. To decide whether it is the cause, ask the ques- 
tion, Why 1 — the manner, How 1 — the instrument, With 
what ? 

Latin Lesson. 

Concordia res parvse crescunt. 

Mundus administratis r providentia Dei. 

Plato Ciceronem antecelluit eloquentia. 

Voluptate capiuntur homines, ut hamo pisces. 

Neptunus tridente suo terram percussit. 

Multi morbi curantur abstinentia et quiete. 

Multitudinem crebris excursionibus locupletavit. 

Omnis cognitio est obstructa difficultatibus. 

Homines hominum causa generati sunt. 

Deus colitur non auro, sed voluntate pia et recta, 

Sol temperat omnia luce. 

English Lesson. 



Percutio 3 is gladius. 
Naufragium intereo* navis 
(is, f.) 



He strikes him with a sword. 
The ships perish by ship- 
wreck. 



Adverbs. 155 

place, where. 
LIX. The place where is put in the genitive ; 
as, 

Vixit Romae, He lived at Rome. 

But if the noun is of the third declension, or in the 

plural number, it is put in the ablative ; as, 

Habitat Carthagine, He dwells at Carthage. 
Studuit Athenis, He studied at Athens. 

Latin Lesson. 
Quid Romas faciam? mentiri nescio. 
Pompeius Thessaliae a Caasare victus 1 est. 
Atticus, Ciceronis amicus, diu vixit 2 Athenis. 3 



English Lesson. 



Vivo 3 Corinthus. 
Doceo 2 puer Athense. 



He lives at Corinth. 

He teaches boys at Athens, 



Place whither. 
LX. The place whither is put in the accusative ; 
as, 

Venit Romam, He came to Rome. 

Latin Lesson. 
Infesto exercitu Romam venit. 
Miltiades rursus Athenas demigravit. 
Regulus nulla vi coactus Carthaginem revertitur. 
Exercitum Megaram duxit et protinus Corinthum. 



Is venio 4 Miletus. 
Adco 4 Rhodus. 
Cicero Roma peto. 3 



English Lesson. 



He comes to Miletus. 
He goes to Rhodes. 
Cicero goes to Rome. 



1 Vine©. 2 Vivo. 3 Athenae. 



156 Government. 

Place whence. 

LXI. The place whence is put in the ablative ; 
as, 
Decessit Corintho, He departed from Corinth. 

Latin Lesson. 

Rex Platonem arcessebat Athenis. 
Roma excessit omnibus cum copiis. 
Literas multas Roma accepi. 1 
Pompeius Syria decedens Rhodum venit. 

Domus and Rus. 
LXIL Domus and rus are construed like names 
of towns ; also humi, belli, and militice; as, 
Domi et militiee, or belli, At home and abroad, (in war.) 

Latin Lesson. 
Redeo domum nudus et inops. 
Ex urbe, tanquam ex vinculis, rus evolat. 
Nobis est domi inopia. 
Bos humi procumbit 

MEASURE AND DISTANCE. 

LXIII. Measure and distance are put in the ac- 
cusative, and sometimes in the ablative ; as, 
Mums est decern pedes altus. The wall is ten feet high. 

Latin Lesson. 

Villa distat ab urbe iter unius diei. 

Locus est ab Rom& decern millia passuum. 2 

Babylonis muri fuerunt ducentos cubitos alti. 

The excess of distance is put in the ablative. 

Hoc lignum illud excedit digito. 



1 Accipio. 2 Passus. 



Government, 157 

TIME. 

LXIV. Time when is put in the ablative ; time 

how long is put in the accusative or ablative ; as, 

Sex mensibus abfuit, He was absent six months. 
Mansit paucos dies, He remained a few days. 

-Latin Lesson. 

Temporibus 1 mails ausus 2 es esse bonus. 

Una hord Romani opus multorum annorum exitio de- 
derunt. 3 

In eo belio tres annos quaestor erat. 

Lucullus permultos annos praefuit provinciae. 

Nemo mortalium 4 omnibus horis sapit. 

Antiquissimis 5 temporibus 1 Saturnus in Italian! venis- 
se 6 dicitur. 

Eodem die legati ab hostibus missi ad Caesarem de 
pace venerunt. 6 

Nostri milites horas quatuor fortissime pugnaverunt. 

Labores multorum annorum interire possunt puncto 
temporis. 

English Lesson. 

At that time I was absent. 



Is tempus [oris, n.) absum. 

(perf) 
Pugno 1 (perf.) duo hora. 
Hiems (emis / f. ) ursus (i.) 

dormio. 4 
Nox (ctis, f.) Roma decedo. 3 

Tertius annus (ace.) regno. 1 

Idem dies (ei, m.) revertor. 3 



They fought two hours. 
In winter bears sleep. 

By night he departs from 

Rome. 
He reigns during the third 

year. 
On the same day he returns. 



1 Tempus. 2 Audeo. 3 Do. 4 Mortalis. 5 Antiquus. 
Yenio. 

14 



158 Government. 

CONSTRUCTION OF THE RELATIVE. 

LXV. The relative qui, qnce, quod, agrees with 
its antecedent in gender, number, and person ;* 
as, 

Vir qui, The man who, fyc. 
Foemina quae, The tooman who, tyc. 
Negotium quod, The thing which, <f*c. 

Observation I, 

If no nominative comes between the relative and tha 
verb, the relative will be the nominative to the verb. 

Latin Lesson. 

Est Deus in mundo, qui omnia videt. 

Deus, qui noscit corda, 1 cogitationes puniet scelestos. 

Quis est, qui non admiratur splendorem virtutis? 

Is amicus est, qui in rebus adversis juvat. 

Sunt homines, qui dicunt eum interfici. 2 

English Lesson. 

God who sees all things. 



Deus qui omnis (plur. neu.) 

video. 2 
Coelum qui omnis (plu. neu.) 

tego. 3 
Sidus (em, n.) qui fulgeo. 2 
Foemina qui fugio. 3 
Animal (alis, n.) qui dormio. 4 
Puella qui rideo. 2 
Consilium qui noceo. 



Heaven which covers all 

things. 
The stars which shine. 
The women who flee. 
The animals which sleep. 
The girls who laugh. 
The counsel which injures. 



* Some explanation will be necessary to give the pupil a clear idea of 
what is meant by the antecedent. Let this be fully illustrated by English ex~ 
amples, and let him be required, in the Latin Lessons, to point out the ante- 
cedent in each sentence 



1 Cor. 2 Interficio. 



Government. 159 

Observation II. 

When a nominative comes between the relative and 
the verb, the relative will be in that case which the verb 
or noun following, or preposition going before, common- 
ly governs; as, 

Deus, quem colimus, God, whom we worship. 

Latin Lesson. 

Urbs, quam Romulus condidit, 1 vocabatur Roma. 

Consilium, quod cepi, 2 est justum et tutum. 

Ille non est dives, cujus pecunia augetur; sed ille, 
cujus animus est tranquillus. 

Tarn modestus est ille puer quem vidisti, ut omnes eum 
libenter laudent. 

Felices sunt, quorum corda 3 pura sunt. 



English Lesson. 

The ambassadors whom he 

sends. 
The moon which you see. 
The roses which we gather. 
The man whose virtue I 

praise. 
The breath which we draw. 
The mountains which we see. 
The fields which we leave. 
The arrows which they send. 
The rivers which we leave. 



Legatus qui mitto. 3 

Luna qui video. 2 

Rosa qui lego. 3 

Vir qui virtus (utis, f.) lau- 
do. 1 

Spiritus (us, m.) qui duco. 3 

Mons (tis, m.) qui video. 2 

Arvum qui linquo. 3 

Sagitta qui emitto. 3 

Flumen (inis, n.) qui lin- 
quo. 3 

Observation III. 

Sometimes a sentence is put for the antecedent ; and 
the relative is then in the neuter gender. 

1 Condo. 2 Capio. 3 Cor. 



160 Government. 

Latin Lesson. 

Videor 1 mihi peccavisse, 2 quod me male habet. 3 
Sororem interfecit Horatius, quod multum de militari 
fama detraxit. 4 

Observation IV. 
When the relative stands between two nouns of differ- 
ent genders, it often agrees in gender with the latter. 

Latin Lesson. 

Animal, quern 5 vocamus hominem, habet et corpus et 
animam. 

Quaere gloriam, qui est virtutis fructus. 

Urbs, quod vocatur Latium, nomen habet quia Satur- 
nus ibi latuit. 6 

Observation V. 

The relative sometimes agrees with the personal pro- 
nouns implied in the possessive. 

Latin Lesson. 

Audi meas preces, qui 7 cogor tales proferre querelas. 

Tuam demiror impudentiam, qui etiam nunc audes in 
curiam venire. 

Magna legi 8 voluptate tuas literas, qui mihi semper 
fuisti carus. 

Observation VI. 

Sometimes the relative precedes the noun to which it 
refers; as, 

Quas ad me dedisti literas aecepi, The letters which you sent 
me I received. 



1 Videor, I seem. 2 Pecco. 3 Male habet, distresses. 4 De- 
traho. 5 Here quern takes its gender from hominem. 6 Lateo. 
7 Qid here refers to ego which is implied in meus, 8 Lego. 



Government. 



161 



CONSTRUCTION OF THE COMPARATIVE. 

LXVI. The comparative degree governs the ab- 
lative, (when quam, than, is omitted ;) as, 

Dulcior melle, Sweeter than honey. 

Lathi Lesson. 

Nihil est jucundius suavitate sciential 

Libertate nihil dulcius est. 

Cicerone nemo Romanorum fuit eloquentior. 

Inter urbes Siciliae nulla fuit illustrior Syracusis. 1 

Eloquentia ejus erat dulcior melle. 2 

Nihil est amicius mihi solitudine. 

Sol multis partibus 3 est major quam terra. 

Quid est dulcius otio literate 

Nihil melius est homini benignitate et dementia. 



English Lesson 

Nullus locus sum dulcis pa- 

tria. 
Virtus (utis£) sum prsestans 

aurum. 
Nemo sum ditis Croesus. 
Nihil (n.) sum carus libertas 

(cutis, f.) 
Nihil (n.) sum divinus de- 
mentia. 
Virtus (utis, f.) sum bonus 

opes (urn, f. plural.) 
Aurum sum gravis argen- 

tum. 
Libertas (atis, f.) sum carus 

vita. 



No place is sweeter than our 

country. 
Virtue is better than gold. 

No one is richer thanCroesus. 

Nothing is dearer than lib- 
erty. 

Nothing is more divine than 
clemency. 

Virtue is better than riches. 

Gold is heavier than silver. 
Liberty is dearer than life. 



1 Svracusse, 2 Mel 3 Pars. 
14* ' 



162 Government 

ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE. 

LXVIL A noun and a participle are put in the 
ablative, when their case depends on no other 
word ;* as, 

Opere peracto, ludemus, Our work being finished , we will play. 

Latin Lesson. 

Ille, Tarquinio regnante, in Italiam venit. 

Rege 1 haec locuto,' 2 legati decesserunt. 3 

Anno exacto, 4 Romani bellum instauraverunt. 

Rege interfecto, 5 milites fugere. 

Bellis civillbus confectis, 6 Caesar dictator creatus est. 

Interfecto 5 Caesare, bella civilia 7 reparata 8 sunt. 

Ergo, turbata 9 republica, Antonius, multis sceleribus 1 ® 
commissis/ 1 a senatu hostis judicatus est. 

Anaxagoras philosophus, morte filii audito, dixit, 
" Sciebam me mortalem genuisse." 12 

Dictator, recuperata ex hostibus patria, triumphans in 
urbem redit. 

Caesar, pace confecta, urbes restituit. 

Ille, amisso 13 exercitu, captivitatem effugit morte yo- 
iuntaria. 

Hoc audito, hostes turbati diffugerunt. 

Pace data, exercitus Romam redactus 14 est. 



* The rule means, that the noun, when there is no word to govern it, stands 
absolutely or ungoverned, with the participle. The ablative absolute is usu- 
ally separated from the rest of the sentence by commas before and after it. 
By recollecting this, the pupil will easily distinguish the ablative absolute. 

1 Rex. 2 Loquor. 3 Decedo. 4 Exigo. 5 Interficio. 6 Cnn- 
ficio. 7 Civilis. 8 Reparo. 9 Turbo. 10 Scelus. 11 Com- 
mitto. 12Gigno. 13 Amitto. MRedigo. 



Government 163 

Sometimes two nouns are put together in the ablative 
absolute, with the participle existent e, (being,) under- 
stood; as, 

Me duce, tutus eris, / being leader, you will be safe. 
English Lesson. 



Caesar,convocatus concilium, 
miles (itis, c.) castigo. 1 



Caesar, a council being call- 
ed, reproaches the sol- 
diers. 

The cause being removed, 
the effect is taken away. 

Philip being dead, Perseus 
rebelled. 



Sublatus causa, tollo 3 effec- ' 

tus. 
Philippus mortuus, Perseus ; 

rebello. 1 (perf.) 

PROMISCUOUS EXAMPLES. 

Latin Lesson. 

Catilina erat natus et aptus ad turpes libidines. 

Omnes sunt divites, 2 qui ccelo et terra frui possunt. 

Est homini similitudo quaedam cum Deo. 

Epaminondas a Thebanis morte multatus est. 3 

Sapientissimi 4 philosophi affirmaverunt unum esse 
Deum. 

Caesar, necessariis rebus imperatis, ad cohortandos 
milites decucurrit, 5 et ad legionem decimam devenit. 

Copias suas in proximum collem subducit, equitatum- 
que qui sustinerent hostium impetum mi sit. 

Allobroges priusquam domum pergerent, cum Catilin& 
societatem confirmaverunt. 

Plato, discendi cupiditate ductus, 7 iEgyptum peragra- 
vit. 

At Jugurtha, magnis itineribus, Metellum antevenit. 

Cicero optime 8 omnium Romanorum locutus est. 9 

Caesar moratur in his locis causa parandarum 10 na- 
vium. ,, 

1 Nascor. 2 Dives. 3 Multo. 4 Sapiens. 5 Decurro. 
6 Mitto. 7 Duco. 8 See rule LIII. 9 Loquor. 10 Paro. 
11 Navis. 12 Praedo. 



164 Promiscuous Examples. 

Prselio finito, imperator duxit cohortes prsedatum. 12 

Interest 1 omnium misereri miserorum. 

Postero die castra ex eo loco movent. 

Ad classes sedificandas 2 exercitusquecomparandos 3 de- 
lectus est. 4 

Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute 
prascedunt. 

Castra nostra propius 5 urbi movebantur. 

Marcus Antonius primus Romse, leones ad currum 
junxit. 6 

iEneas Troja aufugit 7 et in Italiam venit. 

Sulla mox Romam ingressus 8 est, quam csede et san- 
guine civium implevit. 

Est bonus puer quern gloria excitat et laus delectat. 

Gallia posita est, 9 inter Pyreneos montes et Rhenum. 

German! veteres non habuerunt urbes mcenibus 
cinctas. 10 

Galli nova re trepidi arma capiunt, iraque magis quam 
consilio in Romanos incurrunt. 

Haud multo ante solis occasum ad urbem Romam per- 
veniunt. 

Quisquis hominem occidet 11 tenebitur judicio. 

Is in bello contra ducem seditiose se gessit. 

Artem scribendi 12 Phcenlces invenerunt. 

Conducit saluti 13 vivere e natura, et expedit ita vi- 
vere. 

Athenienses Socratem impietatis male accusaverunt 

Is me rogavit meam sententiam de hac lege. 



1 Interest, it concerns. 2 iEdifico. 3 Comparo. 4 Deligo. 
5 See rule LIU. 6 Jungo. 7 Aufugio. 8 Ingredior. 9 Pono, 
10 Cingo* 11 Occido. IS Scribo. 13 Sa) *% 



READING LESSON. 



DIALOGUES.* 
I. 

Morning. 

I. Heus ! heus ! Carole. C. Quid 1 clamas, importu- 
ne? I. Expergiscere ! 2 Est enim tempus eundi 3 in scho- 
lam: audisne? 4 C. Non audio. I. Ubi ergo habes au- 
res % C. In lecto ac somno. I. Quid loqueris ; 5 inepte % 
C. Non ineptio, sed dormio, si non auribus, tamen ocu- 
lis : saltern dormire volo. I. Nunc verb non est tempus 
dormiendi sed surgendi. C. Mitte 6 me et abi : 7 quid 
mihi molestiam exhibes ? I. Non te ante 3 mittam, quam 
lectum reliqueris : surge, audita est enim hora septima. 
C. Septima ? surgam. I. Recte facis ; nam Aurora est 
Musis arnica, imb aurea est. 

1 Ob is here understood; ob quid, on account of what, i. 
e. why? 2 Expergiscor. 3 Eo. 4 Ne is the sign of a ques- 
tion ; audis ne 1 do you hear ? 5 Loquor. 6 Let me alone. 7 
Abeo. 8 Ante and quam are to be taken together, before. 



* If the pupil is quite young, it may be necessary for the instructer to read 
over and explain each dialogue before it is given out as a lesson. In this way, 
the interest of the pupil in the subject will be increased. 



166 Dialogues. 



& ■ 



II. 

Theft and Falsehood. 
I. Unde accepisti istum annulum, Carole? C. Inve- 
ni eum in platea. I. Quando ? C. Nudiustertius, cum 
ex aede 1 veniebam. I. Sed ego ilium adhuc heri vidi in 
digito Sabinae, amitae tuse. C. Ilia eum fortasse amisit. 2 
I. Mendacem 3 oportet esse memorem. C. Cur me vo- 
cas mendacem ? I. Tu non solum es mendax sed etiam 
fur. C. Quid abstuli ? 4 I. Annulum. C. Id vix pro- 
babis. I. Jam satis probavi, imo tu ipse probasti 5 vel 
potius fassus es. 6 C. Quibus verbis? I. Credisne, me 
heri vidisse annulum in digito amitae tuae ? C. Id non 
negabo. I, Quando vero tu eum in platea invenisti? 
C. Ante tres dies. I. Ecce mendacem sui immemorem, 
qui potest aliquid ante invenire, quam amissum est. C. 
Fateor 6 furtum et mendacium. I. Sane pndeat 7 te utri- 
usque, 8 imprimis mendacii, quod a te turpissime iteratum 
est. C. Mihi crede; non solum me pudet facti, sed 
etiam pcenitet et pi get. 

1 iEdes, home. 2 Amitto. 3 Mendax. 4 Aufero. 5 For 
probavisti, from probo. 6 Fateor. 7 May it shame. 8 Uter- 
que. 

III. 

Anger. 

I. Video, te esse iratum: quae-nam 1 est causa? C. Ti- 
tius me fuste percussit? 2 I. Quid? Putabam Titium 
esse amicum tuum. C. Ex amico factus est 3 inimicus, 
odio dignus. I. Erras, Carole : nam debemus etiam in- 
imicos nostros diligere. C. At hi nos non diligunt. I. 
Nee nos Deum semper amamus, et hie tamen nos impen- 
se amat, ut et ipsum 4 redamemus 5 et simul inimicos nos- 
tros amore complectamur. C. Bene mones : ignoscam 
Titio, ipsumque 4 amabo. 

1 duisnam, see page 48. 2 Percutio. 3 Fio. 4 Ipsum, 
refers to God. 5 Redamo. 



Dialogues. 167 

IV. 

Sleep. 

I. Tempus est eundi cubitum: 1 confer 2 igiturte inlec- 
tum tanquam ad letum. C. Quid significat letum ? I. 
Mortem. C. Putasne, me hac nocte moriturum esse? 3 
I. Non equidem hoc credo : fieri tamen potest, ut mori- 
are. 3 # C. Ego potius dormiam. I. Sed somnus est ima- 
go mortis. C. Fortasse respicis versum poetae : stulte, 
quid est somnus, gelidce nisi mortis imago ? I. Hunc 
tu ipse respice, mortemque ac sepulchrum tuum medita- 
re : 4 sic non eris stultus, sed sapiens. 

1 Supine from cubo. 2 Confero. 3 Morior. 4 Meditor. 

V. 

On repeating what we have learned. 

I. Cur non repetis ea, quae hodie in schol& didicisti ? l 
C. Mire loqueris, qui 2 velis, 3 me ea repetere, quae didice- 
rim. 1 I. Cur ? C. Nam quid opus est repetitione eo- 
rum, quae jam scio ? I. Erras : aliud 4 est didicisse non- 
nulla, aliud ea ita memoria tenere, ut semper eorum me- 
mineris. 5 C. Ego nihil obliviscar. I. Erras : noli 6 me- 
moriae tuae nimis confldeje. Multi eruditissimorum 7 hom- 
inum professi sunt, 8 se 9 multa, quae olim didicissent, obli- 
tos esse, quia eorum omisissent 10 repetitionem. C. Sed 
mea memoria est praeclara : novi 11 earn plane. I. Neme 
est tarn felici 12 ingenio, qui non multa obliviscatur. Hinc 
omnis sanus diligenter ac saepe repetere solet, quae didicit 
aut legit. 

1 Disco. 2 Tu is here understood, you who. 3 Volo. 4 Aliud 
est, it is one thing to, <$*c. aliud, another to, fyc. 5 Memini. 
6 Nolo. 7 Eruditus. 8 Profiteor. 9 Se is the accusative be- 
fore oblitos esse, which is from obliviscor. 10 Omitto, 11 See 
novi. defective verb. 12 Felix. 



168 Dialogues. 

VI. 

For getj hdness. 

I. Cur tarn tristis incedis, Carole? C. Indignor: imo 
mihi ipse 1 irascor. I. Quamobrem ? C. Pudet me tibi 
causam fateri. I. Gluaenam est ? die* 2 aperte, prout nos- 
tra amicitia postulat. C. Pater mens hodie in coena, 
praesente 3 ayunculo meo, interrogabat me de aliqua re: 
nee poteram respondere. I. Bono es 4 animo : quis ad 
omnes quaestiones respondere potest 1 Fortasse tu istam 
rem nunquam audiveras aut didiceras. C. Scio me illam 
didicisse : sed mihi in mentem non veniebat, licet 5 omnes 
mentis vires 6 intendissem: nee nunc succurrit. I. Vides 
ergo, qu am nuper erraris, 7 cum disceres,memoriam tuam 
esse praeclaram, nee quidquam 8 oblivisci. C. Video : et 
me nunc impudentise meae valde poenitet. In posterum 
omnia, quae audivi ac didici, repetam, ne iterum tacere 
cogar interrogatus a patre. 

1 Mihi ipse, myself, is to be taken as one compound word : the 
ipse in such cases remains in the nominative. 2 Die for dice, 
from dico. 3 Prgesens : here existente is understood, to ma^e 
the ablative absolute. 4 Imperative of sum. 5 Licet here is a 
conjunction though. 6 Vis. 7 For erraveris from erro. 8 From 
quisquam. 

VII. 

The Ghost. 

I. Narrabo tibi rem miram atque terribilem. C. Non 
otium mihi nunc suppetit : l alio tempore narres : mihi 
domumfestinandumest 2 ad patrem, qui me ad avunculum 
misit et mox redire jussit. I. Expecta paulisper, et audi : 
res, quam tibi narrabo, est haud dubie digna r qua3 abs te 
audiatur. C. Non possum hie morari. I. Duobus verbis 
tibi dicam : spectrum vidi. C. O ! tace : qui spectra 
videt, is non dignus est, qui audiatur. Ut tamen mo 



Dialogues. 169 

rem 3 tibi geram, mox redibo, si quidem per patrem mihi 
iicuerit. 4 

1 Literally, leisure is not given me, i. e. I have not time. 
2 Festino : / must luisten home, fyc. 3 Mos j gerere morem, 
gratify. 4. Licet. 



VIII. 

Continuation. 
C. Praeclare facis, cur redis. 1 I. Pater meus tarn fa- 
cilis et benignus erat, ut mihi potestatem ad te redeundi 1 
faceret. C. Narres igitur de tuo spectro : ubi id vidisti ? I. 
Non procul a lecto, in quo solus cubabam. C. Quali erat 
specie? Atra an Candida? I. Ni fallor, Candida: et 
vultu, si recte memini, tristi. C. An certo scis, fuisse 
spectrum? Nonne fieri potuit, ut aliud quid esset? An 
manibus tetigisti? I. Non : quis enim tarn audax sit, ut 
spectra manibus petat ? 2 C. Tace : video, te esse hom- 
inemtimidum: et omnes timidi spectra et vident et au- 
diunt. I. An tu non credis, spectra esse ? Ancilla nostra 
multa vidit. C. Die 3 potius ancillam credere se multa 
vidisse. 

1 Redeo. 2 Touch. 3 For dice ; this contraction takes place 
in a few words. 

IX. 

Continuation. 

I. Narrabo tibi aliquid : sed cave 1 rideas. C. Pro- 
mitto tibi, me non risurum: an fortasse iterum vidisti 
spectrum aliquod ? I. Non : abeant 2 spectra in ultimas 
terras ! Non ea credo amplius. C. Gluid audio ? I. 
Spectrum illud, quod hesterna nocte videre mihi visus 
sum, fuit vestis qusedam matris meae. Mater mea modo 
totam rem mihi explicavit C. Nonne 3 verb istam ves- 
tem animadverteras conscendens lectum? I. Noiu 
15 



170 Dialogues. 

quia sine candel& cubitum 4 iveram 5 luna enim lucebat. 
C. Valde gaudeo, videns te errore quodam solutum 
esse : 6 et suadeo tibi, ut in posterum tuis oculis et auri- 
bus magis credas quam ancillis. 

1 Ne, lest, is understood before rideas ; take care lest you laugh, 
or not to laugh. 2 The present subjunctive often, as in this case, 
expresses desire, let ghosts depart, dj*c. 3 Ne is the sign of a 
question ; nonne animadverteras, had you not observed. 4 Su- 
pine from cubo. 5 Eo. 6 Solvo. 

X. 

Fruit* 

I. Unde venis, Carole? C. Ex horto nostro sub* 
urbano. I. Quid ibi egisti? 1 C. Quid ibi egerim? 1 
mira quaestio ! edi. I. Q,uidnam 1 C. Pira. pruna et 
mala, quibus arbores nostrse abundant. I. Scisne verb 
etiam, qui pomis vescantur, eos facile in morbum incidere 
posse ? C. Hoc ignoro : sed hoc scio, usum pomorum, 
modo maturuerint, 2 nemini nocere, nise forte nimis mul- 
tis vescatur. I. Gluis te hoc docuit? C. Pater meus, 
qui mihi narravit, medicos 3 ipsos usum pomorum non 
pro noxio habere : et pater ipse pomis multis vescitur, 
ac tamen sanus est; sed vale: domum enim festinare 
cogor, quia valde sitio. I. Cave, 4 post usum pomorum, 
bibas. C. Bibam nihil nisi aquam : et hujus usus ei, 
qui poma matura edit, nihil nocet. I. Mira loqueris; 
vale. 

1 Ago. 2 Maturesco. 3 Medicos ipsos are the accusative be- 
fore non habere. 4 Ne is understood before bibas, take care that 
you do not drink. 

XL 

Poverty and Riches. 

I. Videsne istum hominem ridiculum? C. Video qui-* 
dem hominem, sed nihil ridiculi in eo animadverto. 



Dialogues. 171 



v & 



I. Nonne vides, esse pauperem? et pauperes sunt con- 
temnendi 1 ac deridendi. 2 C. Stultissime loqueris : pau- 
pertas nihil contemptus afferre potest homini : sed vitia 
hominem reddunt ridiculum et contemptu dignum. De 
tua igitur sententia omnes divites sunt colendi 3 : nonne? 
I. Sunt: quis enim (est) felicior divitibus? possunt utiet 
frui rebus quibuscunque 4 volunt. C. Erras ; divitiae 
sunt primum caducae et valde incertae ; qui hodie iis 
abundat, eras saepe est pauperrimus : deinde quomodo 
divitiae possunt homini honorem conciliare ? I. Per ves- 
titum magnificum aliasque res splendidas. C. Ridiculus 
est honor, qui hominis vestibus, non ipsi homini, tribui- 
tur. Inter pauperem et divitem, si uterque est sapiens 
virtutisque amans, nihil interest : divitiae nihil discriminis 
efficere possunt. Imo, si pauper divite est sapientior et 
virtutis studiosior, haud dubie longe ille huic praeferen- 
dus 5 est. Putasne te in perpetuum esse mansurum 6 di- 
vitem? I. Spero utique. C. Nonne fures, fraudes 
homirmm, incendium, aliaeque res possunt tibi divitias 
adimere? ac, si deinde pauper eris, cave, ne aeque turn 
derideare ab aliis, ac nunc pauperes deridendos 2 putes. 
Qui pauperes deridet, is Deum deridet, qui illos creavit. 

1 Contemno. 2 Derideo. 3 Colo. 4 See quicumque, page 
49. 5 Prsefero. 6 Maneo. 

XII. 

Death. 
I. Cur fles, Carole? C. Quia soror mea mortua 
est. I. Doleo tecum : sed ubi nunc ipsa est ? C. Mor- 
tua est, utaudivisti. I. Itane plane periit? 1 C. Corpus 
quidem ejus video, sed exsangue et vitae expers. I. Nunc 
vides, quid corpus sit sine animo. C. Video, sed ubi 
animus sororis sit nescio. I. Fuitne soror tua virtutis 
amans? C. Fuit sane. Ergo non dubitare debes, quin 
ejus animus nunc sit in coelo, in sede beatorum, 

I PereOj Has she then entirely perished 1 



172 Dialogues. 

XIII. 

The same. 

I. Video te atr& veste indutum ; quid hoc significat ? 
C. Frater meus obiit. 1 I. Quis credidisset, 2 mortem 
ejus tam propinquam esse? Doleo tecum ex animo. 
C. Non dici potest, quantopere is me amaverit. I. Scio 
quanto vos amore perpetuo complexi sitis : 3 hincque fa- 
cile intelligere possum quam acerba tibi sit illius jactura. 
C. Utinam hodie moriar, ut cum eo sim. I. Noli 4 dolori 
tuo nimis indulgere : Videturne tibi frater plane periisse ? 
C. Non ; scio eum esse in loco meliori quam antea. I. Ne 
igitur invideas illius felicitati, prsesertim cum scias eum 
aliquando in vitam esse rediturum. 

1 Obeo. 2 Credo. 3 Complector. 4 Nolo. Noli indulgere 
is for ne indulge, do not indulge. 

XIV. 

The same. 

I. Gaudeo, quum video, te non tam tristi fronte esse 
quam heri : quae subest causa ? An oblitus 1 es tui fra- 
tris? C. Minime: sed quid ju vat dolori indulgere? la- 
chrimis neminem in vitam revocamus: deinde scio, eum 
adhuc vivere ac majori felicitate frui, quam nos omnes 
hac in terr& fruamur. I. Loqueris ita, ut Christianum 
decet. C. Attamen ejus memoriam ex meo animo nun- 
quam effluere patiar. I. Recte facies: at nos simul 
etiam mortem nostram cogitare decet : nam sumus om- 
nes mortales : et sapientis'^ est, mori discere antequam 
moriatur. C. Praeclare loqueris. Mors enim nulli setati 
parcit : non modo viros aufert sed etiam adolescentes, 
pueros, imo infantes opprimit. 

1 Obliviscor. 2 It is the part of a wise man. Rule xxv, 



Dialogues. 173 



XV. 

The study of Cicero. 

I. Scio te linguam Latinam praeclare nosse j 1 die mihi, 
unde ejus scientiam hauseris.* C. Maxime e diligenti 3 
Ciceronis lectione. I. Quis est iste Cicero % C. Non 
amplius vivit : fait ille olim consul Romanus magnusque 
orator. I. Si orator fuit, quomodo ex eo potuisti 4 La- 
tinam linguam discere? C. Non tantum ex eo hujus 
linguse cognitionem hausi, 2 sed simul quoque eloquen- 
tiam, hoc est, facultatem perspicue, graviter, et suaviter 
dicendi. 5 I. Mira narras : memini me de Cicerone is- 
to aliquando audire : sed audivi, ex eo nihil 6 nisi voca- 
bula Latina disci 7 posse. C. Sic judicant, qui ipsum non 
legerunt: et mihi crede, neminem praeclare scribere 
posse, nisi eloquentia instructus sit. Sine eloquentia 
loqui ac scribere est garrire. 

1 For novisse from novi. 2 Haurio. 3 Diligens. 4 Pos- 
sum. 5 Dico. 6 Nihil is the accusative before posse. 
7 Disco. 



XVI. 

The Roman Consul. 

I. Tu dixisti mihi nuper, Ciceronem fuisse Consulem 
Romanum: non intelligo, quid sit Consul Romanus. 
C. Quid nunc sit, nescio ; quid fuerit olim, scio ; fuit 
vir regia fere potestate utens. 1 Romam urbem esse 
Italics nosti. 2 I. Novi : 2 est sedes Pontificis 3 Romani. 
C. Olim fuit sedes summi imperii orbis terrarum. Sed 
ut ab initio ordiar, habuit primum reges, quorum primus 
fuit Romulus. I. De Romulo audivi : nonne hie Ro- 
mam condidit ? C. Recte ; sed ultimus regum Tarquinius, 
qui Superbus appellatur, ejectus est 4 urbe, propter crude- 
15* 



174 Dialogues. 

litatem. I. Ergo Romani postea sine rege fuerunt ? C. Fu- 
erunt et manserunt: 5 sed pro rege creabant sibi duos 
consules, qui regiam potestatem haberent. I. Ergo duos 
reges pro uno habuere. 6 C. Non: consules erant an- 
nui, hoc est, eorum potestas durabat unum annum : sin- 
gulis enim annis alii duo consules creabantur a populo 
in comitiis. 7 1. Nunc video, Ciceronem, quum Consul 
Romanus fuerit, fuisse virum summse auctoritatis. 

1 Utor. 2 Novi. 3 Pontifex. 4 Ejicio — urbe is govern- 
ed by e in composition, see Rule vii. 5 Maneo. 6 Habeo. 
7 Comitia. 



XVII. 

Story of Maccus and the Shoemaker. 

I. Quidam Maccus ingressus est 1 officinam sutoris. 
Sutor cupiens extrudere merces 2 suas, rogat num 
quid vellet. Macco conjiciente 3 oculos in ocreas ibi 
pensiles, 4 rogat sutor num vellet ocreas. Annuente 5 
Macco, sutor quaerit ocreas aptas 6 tibiis 7 illius, et inducit 
eas illi. Ubi jam Maccus esset ocreatus, " quam belle, 
inquit, congrueret 8 his ocreis par calceorum." Rogatus 
an et calceos vellet, annuit. Calcei reperti sunt, 9 et ad- 
diti 10 pedibus. 11 

Maccus laudabat ocreas, laudabat calceos. Et jam 
erat contracta 12 nonnulla familiaritas. Die mihi, inquit 
Maccus, nunquamne usu venit 13 tibi, ut aliquis, quern 
sic ocreis et calceis armasses, 14 abierit, 15 non numerato 
pretio? 16 Nunquam, ait sutor. Atqui si forte, in- 
quit Maccus, hoc veniat usu, quid faceres ? Consequerer, 
inquit sutor. Turn Maccus, Serione 17 ista dicis, 
an joco? Plane serio, inquit sutor, et serio face- 
rem. Experiar, inquit Maccus. En pro calceis pras- 
curro, tu cursu sequere: 18 simulque conjecit se in 
pedes. Sutor consecutus est, clamitans, tenete 



Stories. 175 

furem, 20 tenete furem." Ad hanc vocem, quum cives 
prosiluissent 21 ex aedibus, Maccus clamat, " ne quis re- 
moretur cursum nostrum." Itaque jam omnes praebu- 
erunt sese cursus spectatores. Tandem sutor, cursu vic- 
tus, 22 sudans 23 et anhelus domum rediit. 

C. Maccus iste effugit quidem sutorem, at non effugit 
furem. 

I. Quamobrem ? 

C. Quia furem ferebat secum. 

I. Forte turn non erat (illi) ad manum pecunia, quam 
postea resolvit. 

C. Verum erat actio furti. 

I. Ea quidem intentata est 24 a sutore. 

C. Quid attulit, 25 Maccus % 

I. Negabat contrectasse 26 rem alienam, invito domi- 
no, 27 sed ultro deferente, 28 nee ullam pretii mentionem 
intercessisse : 29 se provocasse 30 sutorem ad certamen cur- 
sus: ilium accepisse 31 conditionem ; nee habere quid 
queratur, quum esset cursu superatus. 

C. Quid tandem % 

I. Quum satis risum est, 32 quidam e judicibus vocavit 
Maccum ad coenam, et numeravit sutori pretium. 



1 Ingredior. 2 Merx. 3 Conjicio. 4 Pensilis. 5 Annuo. 
6 Apto. 7 Tibia. 8 Congruo. 9 Reperio. 10 Addo. 11 Pes. 
12 Contraho. 13 Usu venit, happen, i. e. come to you, in use 
and practice. 14 For armavisses, from armo. 15 For abiverit, 
from abeo. 16 Pretio is the ablative absolute with numerato. 
17 Ne is the sign of a question. 18 Sequor. 19 Consequor. 
20 Stop thief. 21 Prosilio. 22 Vinco. 23 Sudo. 24 Intento. 
25 AfTero. 26 For contrectavisse, from contrecto. 27 Domino 
is the ablative absolute with existeiite, understood. 28 Defero. 
29 Intercedo. 30 For provocavisse, from provoco. 31 Accipio. 
32 Used impersonally trom rideo. 



176 Stories. 

XVIII. 

Antonius and the Fruit Woman. 

I. Quidam Antonius adstabat ad fenestram fructuariag. 
Ilia ex more 1 invitavit, si quid vellet ; et quum viderit 
Antonium mtentum ficis, " Vis, ait, ficos ? Sunt per- 
quam elegantes." Quum ille annuisset, 2 rogat quot li- 
bras vellet. " Vis, inquit, quinque libras ?" Annuen- 
te 2 Antonio, tantum ficorum effudit 3 in ejus gremium. 
Durn ilia reponit lances 4 Antonius se subducit, non cur- 
su sed placide. Ubi ilia prodiisset 5 acceptura 6 peeuniam, 
videt Antonium abire. 7 Insequitur majore voce, quam. 
$ursu. Ille dissimulans per git quo coepit ire ; tandem, 
multis concurrentibus, 8 restitit. 9 Ibi in populi corona 10 
agitur 11 causa. Antonius negat se emisse, 12 sed acce- 
pisse, 6 quod ultrb delatum 12 fuisset ; Risus aboritur, et sic 
absolutus 14 est 

1 Mos. 2 Annuo. 3 Effundo. 4 Lanx. 5 Prodeo. 6 Ac- 
cipio. 7 Abeo. 8 Concurro. 9 Re'sto. 10 A circle. 11 Is 
tried. 12 Emo, 13 Defero. 14 Absolvor. 

XIX. 

Louis XL and his two Servants. 

Gluidam famulus, quum vidisset 1 pediculum in veste 
regia, flexis 2 genibus, 3 significat se 4 nescio quid officii 
prsestare velle. Ludovico praBbente 5 se, sustulit 6 pedi- 
culum et clam abjecit. 7 Rogante rege, quid esset, puduit 8 
fateri. Quum instaret rex, fassus est 9 fuisse pediculum. 
Laetum, inquit rex, omen est; declarat enim me esse 
hominem, quod hoc genus vermiculorum peculiariter in- 
festat hominem, prsesertim in adolescentia. Jussitque 10 
pro officio numerari coronatos qu-adraginta. 

Post aliquot dies, alter famulus, non animadvertens 11 
plurimiim interesse, ex animo facias aliquid an arte, simili 
gestu aggressus est 12 regem, et simulabat se tollere quid- 



Stories. 177 

dam e veste regia, quod mox abjicerit. 7 Quum urgeret 
rex, ut diceret quid esset, tandem respondet esse pulicem. 
Rex, intellecto 13 fuco, " quid inquit, an tu me facis ca- 
nemf Jussit 10 tolli hominem, ac pro quadraginta cor- 
onatis, infligi quadraginta plagas. 

1 Video. 2 Flecto. 3 Genu. 4 Se velle prsestare, that he 
wished to perform ; nescio quid officii, I know not what duty ; 
i. e. some kind of duty. 5 Praebeo. 6 Suffero. 7 Abjicio. 
8 Pudet. 9 Fateor. 10 Jubeo. 11 Who not reflecting, 
that there was a great difference, whether you do any thing 
(ex animo) sincerely, or with art, &c. 12 Aggredior. 13 In- 
telligo. 

XX. 

Louis XL and his Courtiers. 

Rex dono acceperat 1 decern millia coronatorum. Q,uum 
igitur ea pecunia exprompta esset 2 in mensa, sic locutus 
est rex circumstantibus. 3 " Quid ? Non videor vobis 
rex opulentus ? Ubi collocabimus 4 tantam pecuniae vim. 5 
Donum est, donari 6 vicissim convenit. 7 Ubi nunc (sunt) 
amici mei, quibus 8 pro suis in me officiis debeo. Adsint 9 
nunc, priusquam effluat hie thesaurus." Ad hanc vocem 
accurrere 10 permulti. Rex quiim vidisset aliquem maxime 
inhiantem, 11 et jam oculis devorantem 12 pecuniam, ad eum 
conversus, 13 amice, inquit, " quid tu narras T 1 Ille com- 
memorabat se diu alluisse 14 falcones 15 regios : alius aliud 
afferebat. Rex omnes benigne audiebat. Haec consul- 
tatio dilata est 16 in longum tempus, quo diutius 17 spe metu- 
que torqueret omnes. Adstabat inter hos primus cancel- 
lanus, nam hunc accire 18 rex jusserat. Is caeteris pruden- 
tior non praedicabat officia sua, sed agebac 19 spectatorem 
fabulae. Ad hunc tandem conversus 13 rex, " quid, inquit, 
narrat meus cancellarius ? Solus ille nihil petit, nee 
prasdicat officia sua." " Ego, inquit cancellarius, plus 
accepi benignitate regia, qnam promeruerim." 20 Ibi 
rex versus ad alios, " nae ego sum, inquit, regum omnium 



17S Stories. 

urn magnificentissimus, qui tarn opulentum habeam can- 
cellarium." His magis accensa est 21 spes omnibus, fu- 
turum 22 ut pecunia caeteris clistribueretur, quandoquidem 
ilie nihil ambiebat. Ad hunc modum ubi satis diu lusis- 
set 23 rex coegit 24 cancellarium ut totam earn summam 
domum auferret. 25 Mox versus ad caeteros jam moestos, 
H vobis, inquit, erit alia expectanda 26 occasio." 

1 Accipio. 2 Expromo. 3 Circumsto. 4 Colloco. 5 Tan- 
tam vim, so great an amount. 6 Donor. 7 Impersonal verb. 
8 Gluibus debeo, to whom I am indebted ; pro suis ofiiciis, for 
their services, in me, towards me. 9 Adsint, let them be pres- 
ent, from adsum. 10 Accurro. 11 Inhio. 12 Devoro. 13 Con- 
verto. 14 Alo. 15 Falco. 16 Diflero. 17 Diu. 18 Accio. 
19 Acted as a spectator of the play. 20 Promereo. 21 Accen- 
do. 22 That it would come to pass. 23 Ludo. 24 Cogo, 
25 Aufero. 26 Is it to be waited for, (see expecto.) 



VOCABULARY. 



ABBREVIATIONS AND CHARACTERS EXPLAINED. 

This character (-) over a vowel denotes that it is long, and 
this (*) that it is short, m. denotes a noun of the masculine,/, of 
the feminine, n. of the neuter, com. of the common gender, adj. 
adjective, comp. comparative, super, superlative, part, participle, 
v. a. verb active, pass. v. passive, v. n. neuter, v. d. deponent, def. 
v. defective, irreg. v. irregular, imper. impersonal, adv. adverb, 
pron. pronoun, conj. conjunction, prep, preposition, int. interjec- 
tion, pi. plural, incep. inceptive verb. 



A. 



ABS 

A, Ab, prep, of, from, by, (by 

reason of) 
Abdico, are, v.a. to withdraw, 

to abdicate, (from ab, dico.) 
Abeo, ire, ivi, or li, Itum, v.n. 

(ab, eo,) to go away, to de- 
part. 
Abjicio, jicere, jeci, jectum, 

v. a (ab, jacio,) to cast or 

throw away. 
Abjuro, are, v. a. (ab, juro,) 

to deny a thing, to abjure. 
Aborior, oriri, abortus sum, 

v. d. to rise, to be made. 
Abs, prep, of from, by. 
Absolve, ere, solvi, solutum, 

v. a. (ab, solvo) to absolve, to 

acquit. 
Absolvor; vi, soiutus sum 

pass. v. to be acquitted. 



ACC 

Absterreo, ere, ui, Itunij r. a. 

to deter from. 
Abstinentia, ae. f. abstinence. 
Abstineo, ere, ui, abstentum> 

v. a. (abs, teneo,) to abstain, 

to restrain. 
Abstraho, ere, axi, actum, v* 

a. (abs, traho,) to draw off, 

to drag away, to abstract. 
Absumo, ere, sumpsi, sump- 

turn, v. a. (ab, sumo,) to con- 
sume, to destroy. 
Abundo, are, v.a. to abound, 

to overflow. 
Abutor, uti, usus, sum, v. d. 

(ab, utor,) to abuse. 
Ac, conj. and. 
Accendo, ere, di, sum, r. a. 

to inflame, to excite. 
Accklit, imper. v. it happens. 



180 



Vocabulary. 



ADM 

Accido, dere, cidi, no supine, 
v. n. to happen. 

Accio, Ire, Ivi, Itum, v. a. to 
send for ', to call. 

Accipio, cipere, cepi, ceptum, 
v. a. to receive. 

Acclamo, are, v. a. to shout, 
to applaud. 

Accurro, rere, ri, sum, v. n. 
to run together ■, to assemble. 

Accuso, are, v. a. to accuse. 

Acerbus, a, um, adj. cruel. 

Acerrime, see Acriter. 

Acies, ei, f. an army, a bat- 
tle, an edge. 

Acriter, acrius, acerrime, adv. 
sharply, valiantly. 

Actio, onis, f. an action. 

Actus, a, um, part, (from ago) 
spent, finished, past. 

Ad, prep, to, for, towards. 

Addico, ere, ixi, ctum, v. a. 
to devote, to approve, (from 
ad, dico.) 

Addftus, a, um, part, (from 
ad do,) added. 

Addo, ere, didi, ditum, v. a. 
to add. 

Adeo, ire, ivi, or ii, itum, v. n. 
(ad, eo,) to go to, to ap- 
proach. 

Adeo, adv. so, so much, so 
that. 

Adhibeo, ere, ui, itum, v. a. to 
call, to introduce, to use. 

Adhuc, adv. as yet, hitherto. 

Adimo, imere, emi, emptum, 
v. a. to take away. 

Administro, are, v. a. to ad- 
minister, to serve. 



AFF 
Admirabilis, le, (gen. lis,) 

adj. admirable, excellent. 
Admiror, ari, atus, v. d. to 

admire. 
Adm6neo,ere,ui,Itum,v.a.(ad, 

moneo,) to advise, to warn. 
Adolescens, entis, com. a 

youth. 

Adolescentia, se. f. youth. 
Adsto, are, stiti, stitum and 

statum, v. n. to stand by. 
Adsum esse, fui, (ad, sum,) 

to be present. 
Adventus, us, m. coming , ap- 
proach. 
Adversus, a,um, adj. adverse, 

unfortunate. 

Adversus, prep, against, to- 
ward. 
iEdes, is, f. a home, house 

temple. 

iEdifico, are, v. a. to build. 
iEgjptus, i. f. Egypt. 
iEneas, a?, m. Eneas. 
iEque, adv. as well, equally 
iEquus, a, um, adj. equal 

contented. 
iEstimo, are, v. a. to value 

to esteem. 
iEstuans, aritis, pres. part 

(from aestuo) boiling wit) 

rage, angry. 
iEstuo, are, v. a. to boil wit) 

rage, to be angry. 
iEtas, atis, f. age, time. 
ArTero, ferre, attuli, allatum 

irreg. v. to introduce, to men 

Hon, to bring forward. 
Affirmo, are, v. a. to affirm 

to confirm. 



Vocabulary. 



181 



AMI 

Africa, ee, f. Africa. 
Aggredior, di, gressus sum, 

v. d. to go, to approach, to 

accost. 
Ago, agere, egi, actum, v. a. 

to act, to do, to manage. 
Aio, ais, ait, pi. aiunt, def. v. 

I say, I affirm. 
Alcibiades, is, m. Alcibiades. 
Alexander,dri,m.A/e.ra?z<ier. 
Alienus, a, um, adj. another 

marts, (aliena res, the prop- 
erty of another.) 
Aliquando, adv. sometimes, 

at length, hereafter. 
Aliquis, aliqua, aliquod, or 

quid, g. alicujus. pron.some, 

somebody, something. 
Aliquot, pi. (not declined,) 

adj. some, certain, a few, 
Alius, a, ud, g. alius, adj.aw- 

other, some other. 
Allobroges, um, m. pi. the 

Allobroges, the people of 

Piedmont. 
Alo, ere, ui, Itum, v. a. to 

nourish, to feed. 
Alter, tera, terum, g. alterius, 

adj. another, the one, the 

other. 
Altus, a, um, adj. high, deep. 
Amans, tis, pres. part, from 

amo, loving. 
Ambio, iri, Ivi, or ii, itum, v. 

a. to court, to solicit. 
Ambo, bae, bo, adj. (no sing) 

both. 
Ambulo, are, v. n. to walk. 
Amicitia, ee, f. friendship, 

alliance. 

16 



ANT 

Amicus, i. m. a friend. 

Amicus, a, um, (amicior, is- 
simus,) adj. friendly, fa- 
vorable. 

Amita, se, f. an aunt. 

Amitto, ere, misi, issum, v. 
a. to lose. 

Amo, are, v. a. to love. 

Amor, oris, m. love, affec- 
tion. 

Amplexus, us, m. an em- 
brace. 

Amplius, adv. more. 

Amplus, a, um, adj. (ior, is- 
simus,) large, great. 

An, adv. (of asking) whether, 

if- 
Anaxagoras, as, m. Anaxa- 

goras, a philosopher. 

Ancilla, a3, f. a maid, servant. 

Anglia, aB. f. England. 

Anhelus, a, um, adj. pant- 
ing, out of breath. 

Anima, se, f. the soul, life. 

Animadverto, ere, ti, ersum, 
v. a. to observe. 

Animal, alis, n. an animal. 

Animus, i, m. the soul, cour- 
age, spirit. 

Annulus, i, m. a ring. 

Annuo, ere, ui, no supine, v. 
a. and n. to nod, to assent. 

Annus, i, m. a year. 

Annuus, a, um, adj. yearly, 
year by year. 

Ante, prep, before* 

Ante and antea, adv. be- 
fore. 

Antecello, cellere, ui,v. a. to 
surpass. 



182 



Vocabulary. 



ANT 

Antepono, ponere. posui, posi- 
tum, v. a. (ante, pono,) to 
'prefer. 

Antequam, conj. before, he- 
fore that, sooner than. 

Antevenio, ire, eni, ntum, v. 
n. to come before, to get the 
start of. 

Antigonus, i, mu Antigonus. 

Antipater, patris, m. Antipa- 
ter. 

Antiquus, a, um, adj. (quior, 
quissimus,) old, ancient. 

Antonius, ii, m. Anthony. 

Anxius, a, um, adj. anxi- 
ous. 

Aperio, ire, ui, ertum, v. a. 
to open. 

Aperte, adv. openly. 

Apollo, inis, m. Apollo. 

Appello, are, v. a. to name, to 
call. 

Appetens,entis,adj. desirous, 
fond, covetous. 

Appeto, ere, Ivi, or ii, Itum, 
v. a. to desire, to seek. 

Approbatio, onis, f. approba- 
tion. 

Apto, are, v. a. to fit, to 
adapt. 

Aptus, a, um, adj. fit, suita- 
ble, (tior, tissimus.) 

Apud, prep, at, near. 

Aqua, se, f. water. 

Ara, ae, f. an altar. 

Arbitror, ari, atus, v. d. to 
think, to judge. 
Arbor, oris, m. a tree. 
Areadius, a, um, adj. Area 
Man, belonging to Area 
dla. 



ARC 
Arcesso, cessere, sivi, situm ; 

v. a. to call, to send for. 
Arethusa, se, f. Arethusa. 
Argentum, i, n. silver. 
Arguo, guSre, ui, utum, v. a. 

to charge, to accuse. 
Aristides, is, m. Aristides. 
Arma, orum, n. pi. (no sing.) 

arms. 
Armatus, a, um, perf. part, of 

armo, armed. 
Armo, are, v. a. to furnish, to 

arm. 
Ariovlstus, i, m. Ariovlstus. 
Arrogantia, ce, f. arrogance. 
Ars, artis, f. art, skill. 
Arvum, i, n. afield. 
Arx, arcis, f. a tower, a cita- 
del. 
As, assis, m. a coin, a pound. 
Asia, se, f. Asia. 
Asplro, are, v. a. to aim at, 

to aspire. 
At, conj. but. 

A ter, atra, atrum, adj. black. 
4thena3, arum, f. pi. (no sing.) 

Athens. 
Atheniensts, e, (g. is,) adj, 

Athenian, (used also as a 

noun.) 

Atque, conj. but, indeed. 
Atqui, conj. but, indeed. 
Attamen, adv. but yet, how- 
ever. 
Atticus, ci, m. Atticus. 
Auctor, oris, m. an author, 

adviser, contriver. 
Auctoritas, tatis, f. authority, 

influence. 
Audacfei, ee, f. audacity, bold- 

ness. 



Vocabulary. 



183 



AUR 

Audacitas, atis, f. boldness, 

audacity. 
Audax,acis-adj. bold,daring. 
Aurleo, ere, ausus, sum, neu. 

pass, verb, to dare. 
Audio, ire, Ivi, or 11, itum, v. 

a. to hear. 
Aufero, ferre,abstuli,ablatum, 

v. a. to take away, to steal. 
Augeo, gere, auxi, auctum, v. 

a. to increase. 
Aufugio, ere, ugi, ugitum, v. 

a. to flee from. 
Augustus, i, m. Augustus. 
Aureus, a, um, adj. golden, 

like gold. 



AVU 
Auris, is, f. the ear, hearing, 
Aurora, ee, f. the morning. 
Aurum, i, n. gold. 
Ausculto, are, v. a. to listen, 

to hear. 
Aut, conj. or, either. 
Autem, conj. but. 
Auxilium, li, n. assistance, 

aid, help. 
Avaritia, se, f. avarice. 
Avidus, a, um, adj. (ior, issi- 

mus,) covetous, greedy. 
Avolo, are, v. a. to fly away, 

to fly. 
Avunculus, i, m. an uncle. 



B. 



BEN 

Babylon, onis, f. Babylon. 
Barbaras, a, um, adj. barba- 
rous, barbarian. 
Bea/.us, a, um, adj. happy, 

fortunate. 

Belle, adv. well, excellently. 
Bello, are, v. a. to carry on 

war. 
Be Hum, i, n. war. 
Bene, adv. (melius, optime,) 

well. 
Benefacio,facere,feci,factum, 

v. a. to benefit, to do good. 
Beneflcium, ii,n. benefit,kind- 

ness. 
Benigne, adv. kindly. 
Benignitas, tatis,f. benignity, 

kindness. 1 



BUC 

Benignus, a, um, adj. kind, 

favorable. 

Bestia, se, f. a beast, an ani- 
mal. 

Blbo, bibere, bibi, bibftum, v. 
a. to drink. 

Bonnm, i, n. good, advan- 
tage, a blessing. 

Bonus, a, um, adj. (melior, 
optimus,) good. 

Bos, bovis, com. an ox, a 
cow. 

Brevis, e, adj. (vior, vissi- 
mus,) short. 

Britanni, orum, m. Britons. 

Brutus, i, m. Brutus. 

Bucephalus, i, m. Bucepha- 
lus, (Alexander's horse.) 



184 



Vocabulary. 



C. 



CAT 

Caducus, a, urn, ailj. frail. 

Caedes, is, f. slaughter, de- 
struction. 

Caedo, ere, cecidi, cessum, v. 
a. to kill. 

Caesar, aris, m. Ccesar. 

Caeter, or Caeterus, a, um, adj. 
the rest, the other. 

Calamitas, atis, f. calamity. 

Calceus, ei, m. a. shoe. 

Calor, oris, m. heat, warmth. 

Cancellarius, ii, rn. a chan- 
cellor. 

Candela, ae, f. a candle. 

Candidus, a, um, adj. white, 
beautiful. 

Canis, is, com. a dog. 

Capio, ere, cepi, captum, v. a. 
to take, to seize. 

Capitolium, ii, n. the Capitol. 

Captivitas, atis, f. captivity. 

Captus, a, um, part, (from ca- 
pio,) captured, taken. 

Caput, itis, n. the head. 

Careo, ere, ui, ltum, v. n. to 
want, to be destitute. 

Carneades, is, m. Carneades. 

Carolus, i, m. Charles. 

Carthago, aginis,f. Carthage. 

Carus, a, um, adj. dear. 

Castigo, are, v. a. to chastise, 
to punish. 

Castra, orum, n. (no sing.) a 
camp. 

Catena, se, f. a chain, aband. 

Catilina, ae, m. Catiline. 

Cato, onis, m. Cato. 



CLA 

Causa, 33, f. a cause, for the 

sake of 
Cautus, a, um, adj. cautious. 
Caveo, cavere, cavi, cautum, 

v. n. to beware, to take heed. 
Celeber, bre, (g. bris,) adj. 

(comp. brior, errimus,)/a- 

mous, renowned. 
Celer, eris, adj. (comp. erior, 

errimus,) swift, quick. 
Celo, are, v. a. to hide, to con 

ceal. 
Censeo, sere, ui, sum, v. n. to 

thi?ik, to judge. 
| Centurio, onis, m. a centurion 
Certamen, inis, n. a contest. 
Certo, are, v. a. to contend. 
Certo, adv. truly, certainly. 
Certus, a, um, adj. certain. 
Charta, 83, f. paper. 
Christianus, i, m. a christian, 
Cibus, i, m. meat, food. 
Cicero, onis, m. Cicero. 
Cimon, onis, in. Cimon. 
Cingo, ere, inxi, inctum, v. a. 

to surround. 
Circumsto, are, steti, statum, 

v. a. to stand around. 
Cito, adv. quickly. 
Civilis, le, g. lis, adj. civil. 
Civis, is, com. a citizen. 
Civitas, atis, f. acity, astate. 
Clam, adv. privately. 
Clamlto, are, freq. v. to cry 

out. 
Clamo, are, v. a. to call, to 

cry out. 



Vocabulary. 



185 



COM 

Clamor, Oris, m. a shout, a 
cry. 

Clarus, a, urn, adj. distin- 
guished. 

Classis, is, f. a fleet, a ship. 

dementia, ae, t. clemency. 

Clitus, i, m. Clitus. 

Coactus, a, um, part, (from 
cogo.) compelled, forced. 

Caelum, i, n. heaven, the sky. 

Coena, ae, f. supper. 

Coepi, ccepisti, cospit, def. v. 
/ begin, Ihave begun. (See 
page 108.) 

Cogitatio, onis, f. a thought, 
intention. 

Cogito, are, v. a. to think of, 
to intend. 

Cognitio, onis, f. knowledge. 

Cognosco, noscere, novi, ni- 
tum, v. a. to know, to under- 
stand. 

Cogo, gere, coegi, coactum, 
v. a. to compel, to force. 

Cohors, ortis, f. a band of sol- 
diers, a cohort. 

Cohortor, ari, atus, sum, v. d. 
to exhort. 

Collis, is, m. a hill, a rising 
ground. 

Colloco, are, v. a. to place. 

Colo, ere, ui, cultum, v. a. to 
favor, to cultivate, to wor- 
ship. 

Comitia, orum, n. pl.(no sing.) 
an assembly of the people. 

Commemoro, are, v. a. to re- 
late, to recount. 

Committo, ere, misi, missum, 
v. a. to commit, to join. 

16* 



CON 

Communis, e, adj. common. 
Comparo, are,v.a. to prepare, 

to procure, to compare. 
Complector, cti, exus sum, v. 

d. to embrace, to love. 
Complexus, us, m. an em- 
brace, affection. 
Concedo, ere, essi, essum, v. 

a. to give place, to yield. 
Concilio, are, v. a. to win, to 

conciliate. 
Concilium, ii, n. a council, 

an assembly. 
Concordia, se, f. concord, 

peace. 
Concurro, rere, ri, rsum, v. n. 

to run together. 
Concursus, us, m. a running 

together, a concourse. 
Condemno, are, v. a. to ac- 
cuse, to condemn. 
Conditio, onis, f. a condition, 

a proposal. 
Condo, dere, didi, ditum, v. a. 

to build, to hide. 
Conducit, impers. v. it is pro- 
fitable. 
Confabulor, ari, atus sum, v. 

d. to converse. 
Confero, ferre, tuli, collatum, 

v. a. to bring, to direct, to 

join. 
Conficio, ficere, feci, fectum, 

v. a. to do, to finish. 
Confido, fidere, f Idi and fisus 

sum, v. n. to confide, to trust. 
Conf irmo, are, v. a. to estab- 
lish, to confirm. 
Confugio, fugere, fugi, gitum, 

v. n. to flee. 



186 



Vocabulary. 



CON 

Congriio, ere, grui, v. a. to 

suit, to Jit, to agree. 
Conjicio, jicere, jeci, jectum, 

v. a. to throw, to cast. 
Conjiiro, are, v. a. to combine, 

to conspire. 
Conjux, jugis, com. a wife, a 

husband. 
Conor, ari, atus sum, v. d. to 

endeavor. 
Conscendo, cendere, di, sum, 

v. a. to rise up, to ascend, to 

mount. 

Conscius, a, um, adj. con- 
scious, guilty, privy to. 
Consenslo, onis, f. consent, 

combination. 
Consentaneous, a, um, adj. 

agreeable, meet, suitable. 
Consequor, sequi, seeutus 

sum, v. d. to follow after. 
Conservo, are, v. a. to keep, 

preserve. 

Consilium, ii, n. counsel, de- 
liberation. 
Consisto, istere, stiti, stilum, 

v. n. to consist, to stay, to 

agree. 
Constat, constabat, imper. v. 
■ it appears, it is evident. 
Constituo, ere, ui, utum, v. a. 

to appoint, to establish. 
Consto, are, stiti, stitum, v. n. 

to stop, to consist. 
Consuetudo, dmis,f. a custom, 

practice, intercourse. 
Consul, ulis, m. a consul. 

Consulo, ere, ui, ultum, v. a 

to consult. 



COR 

Consultatio, onis, f. a consul- 
tation. 

Consulto, are, v. f. to consult. 

Consultum, i, n. advice, coun- 
sel. 

Consuiturus a, um, fut. act. 
part, about to consult. 

Consumo, ere, sumpsi, ptum, 
v. a. to consume, to destroy. 

Contemno, nere, empsi, temp- 
tum, v. a to despise. 

Contemptus, uf, m. contempt. 

Contentus, a, um, adj. con- 
tented, satisfied. 

Contineo, ere, ui, tentum, v. a. 
(con. teneo,) to contain, to 
restrain. 

Contra, prep, against, oppo- 
site to. 

Contraho, ahere, axi, actum, 
v. a. (con. traho,) to form, to 
collect, to draw together. 

Contrecto, are, v. a. to touch, 
to handle, to treat. 

Controversia, se, f. contro- 
versy. 

Convenienter, adv. conform- 
ably, conveniently. 

Convenit, impers.v. it is meet, 
it is proper. 

Conversus, a, um, perf. part. 
(from converter,) turning. 

Converto, tere, ti, sum, v. a. 
to turn, to put to flight. 

Copia, &, {.plenty, abundance, 

| military force, troops. 

'Cor, cordis, n. the heart, 

Corinthus, i, f. Corinth. 

I Corona,3e,f. a crown, acircle. 



V cabulary. 



1S7 



CUB 

Coronatus, i, m. a kind of mo- 
ney, a crown. 

Corpus, oris, n. a body. 

Corrumpo, rumpere,rupi, rup- 
turn, v. a. (con. rumpo,) to 
corrupt, to break. 

Corruptus, a, urn, part, (cor- 
rumpor) corrupted, destroy- 
ed. 

Cras, adv. to-morrow. 

Crassus, i, m. Orassus. 

Crastinus, a, um, adj. of to- 
morrow, the next day. 

Creber, bra, um, adj. frequent. 

Credo, dere, didi, ditum, v. a. 
to believe, to trust. 

Creo, are, v. a. to create, to 
appoint, to elect to office. 

Cresco, crescere, crevi, cre- 
tum, v. a. to increase. 

Crimen, inis, n. a crime. 

Crudelitas, atis, f. cruelly. 

Cubitus, i, m. a cubit, 

Cubo, are, ui, itum, v. n. to 
lie down, to go to bed. 



CYR 

Culpa, ae, f. a fault. 
Cultus, a, um, adj. cultivated, 

tilled, also part, from colo, to 

till 
Cum, prep. with. 
Cum, adv. when, since. 
Cumulo, are, v. a. to load. 
Cunetus, a, um, adj. all. 
Cupiditas, atis, f. a desire. 
Cupidus, a, um, adj. desirous, 

greedy. 
Cupio, ere, Ivi, Itum, v. a. to 

desire, to covet. 
Cur, adv. why. 
Cura, ae, f. care, attention. 
Curia, ae, f. a court. 
Curo, are, v. a. to take cart 

of, to heal. 

Currus, us, m. a chariot. 
Cursus, us, m. a course, a 

race. 
Custodio, Ire, Ivi, itum, v. a. 

to keep, to guard. 
Custos, odis, m. a guard. 
Cyrus, i, m. Cyrus. 



D. 



DEC 

Damno, are, v. a. to condemn. 

Danai, orum, m.pl. (no sing.) 
Grecians. 

Darius, ii, m. Darius. 

De, prep, of, about, concern- 
ing. 

Debeo, ere, ui, itum, v. a. to 
owe, with infin. I ought. 

Decedo, cedere,cessi,cessum, 
v. n. to depart. 

Decern adj. (not declined)£ew. 



DED 

Decet, impers. v. it becomes, 
it is fit. 

Declmus, a, um, adj. tenth. 

Declaro, are, v. a. to de- 
clare. 

Decurro, ere, curri or cucurri, 
cursum, v. n. to run hastily. 

Dedecus, oris, n. disgrace. 

Deditio, onis, f. surrender. 

Deduco, ere, uxi, ctum, v. a. 
to lead back. 



188 



Vocabulary. 



DIG 

Defendo, dere, di, sum, v. a. 

to defend. 
Defensor, oris, m. a defender. 
Defero, ferre, tuli, latum, v. a. 

to bring, to pay, to confer. 
Deinde,adv. then fromthence. 
Delecto, are, v. a. to delight. 
Deleo, ere, evi, etum, v. a. to 

destroy, to blot out. 
Deligo, igere, egi, lectum, v.a. 

to choose. 
Demigro, are, v. n. to remove, 

to depart. 
Demiror, ari, atus, sum, v. d. 

to admire, to wonder. 
Democritus, i,m. Democritus. 
Demosthenes, is, m. Demos- 
thenes. 
Derideo, ere, risi, risum, v.a, 

to despise, to scorn. 
Desero, rere, rui, rtum, v. a, 

to forsake. 
Desum, esse, fui, v. n. to be 

wanting. 
Detineo, ere, ui, tentum, v. a 

to detain, to stop, to hinder. 
Detraho, here, axi, ctum, v. a. 

to take away, to detract. 
Deus, i, m. God. 
Devenio, Ire, eni, entum,v.n. 

to come or go down to. 
Devinco, ere, vlci, vlctum, v 

a. to conquer. 
Devoro, are, v. a. to devour. 
Dexter, tera, terum, adj. right 

side, right hand side. 
Dico, dicere, dlxi, dictum, v. 

a. to say, to speak, to call, 



DIS 

Dictator, oris, m. a dictator* 

Dictum, i, n. a saying, a word 

Dies, ei, m. or f. in sing, in pi. 
m. a day. 

Differo, ferre, distuli, dilatum, 
v. a, to delay, to put off. 

Difficilis, e, adj. difficult. 

Difficultas, atis, f. difficulty. 

Diffido, ere, Isus sum, v. n. 
to distrust. 

DifTugio, ere, ugi, itum, v. a. 
and n. to flee, to run away. 

Dignitas, atis, f. dignity. 

Digitus, i, m. a finger. 

Dignus, a, um, adj, worthy, 
deserving. 

Diligens, entis, adj. diligent. 

Diligenter, adv. diligently. 

Diligentia, ae, f. diligence, in- 
dustry. 

Diligo, ere, exi 3 ectum, v. a. 
to love. 

Dimico, are, v. a. to fight, to 
wage war. 

Discedo, ere, cessi, cessum, 
v. n. to depart, to leave. 

Discipulus, i, m. a student, a 
disciple. 

Disco, discere, didici, no su- 
pine, v. a. to learn, to under- 
stand. 

Discordia, se, f. discord. 

Discrimen,mis, n. difference. 

Displiceo, ere, ui, itum, v. n. 
to dislike, to displease. 

Dissensio, onis, f. dissension. 

Dissimulo, are, v. a. to con- 
ceal, to dissemble. 



Vocabulary. 



189 



DOM 

Disto, are, v.n. to be distant, 

to differ. 
Distribuo, uere, ui, utum, v. a. 

to divide, to distribute. 
Ditis, e, adj. (itior, issimus,) 

rich, wealthy. 
Diu, adv. (diutius, diutissi- 

rae,) a long time. 
Dives, itis, adj. rich, wealthy, 
Divido, dere, vlsi, Isum, v. a. 

to divide. 
Divitiae, arum, f. pi. (nosing.) 

riches. 
Do, dare, dedi, datum, v. a. 

to give. 
Doceo, ere, ui, ctum, v. a. to 

teach. 
Doctus, a, um, adj. (ior, issi 

mus,) learned. 
Doleo, ere, ui, itum, v. n. to 

grieve. 
Dolor, oris, m. grief, pain. 
Dolus, i, m. deceit, fraud. 
Dominus, i, m. lord, a mas- 
ter, ruler. 
Domitius, ii, m. Domitius. 
Domo, are, v. a. to subdue, to 

conquer, 

E. 



DUX 

Domus, us, and i, f. a house, 
a home. 

Dorio, are, v. a. to give a pre- 
sent. 

Donor, ari, atus, pass. v. to be 
given. 

Donum, i, n. a gift, a present. 

Dormio, ire, t. n. to sleep. 

Dos, dotis, f. a dowry, a por- 
tion. 

Dubie, adv. doubtfully. 

Dubito, are, v. a. to doubt, to 
hesitate. 

Ducenti, as, a, adj. pi. two 
hundred. 

Duco, cere, duxi, ctum, v. a. 
to lead. 

Dulcis, e, adj. (comp. dulcior, 
ius, g. oris,) sweet, pleasant. 

Dum, conj. whilst, until, pro- 
vided. 

Duo, duse, duo, adj. plur. two. 

Duplex, icis, adj. double, two 
fold. 

Duplico, are, v. a. to double. 

Duro, are, v. a. and n. to har- 
den, to endure. 

Dux, ducis, com. a leader. 



EDO 

E, prep. from. 

Ebrietas, atis, f. drunkenness. 
Ecce, adv. lo ! behold! see. 
Edax, acis, adj. wasteful. 
Edo,edere,oresse, edi, esum, 

or estum, to eat, (edo, edes 

or edis, edit or est.) 
| Edoceo, cere, ui, doctum, v. a. 

to teach, to instruct. 



EFP 
Educo, ere, xi, ctum, v. a. to 

lead forth, to bring away. 
Effectus, us, m. an effect, a 

result. 
Efficio, ere, feci, fee turn, v. a. 

to make. 
Effluo, ere, ui, itum, v. n. to 

pour forth, to escape. 



190 



Vocabulary, 



ERU 

EfFugio, gere, fugi, itum, v. a. 

to flee, to escape, to avoid. 
EfTundo, ere, fudi, fusum, v. 

a. to pour out. 
Egeo, gere, ui, (no supine,) v. 

n. to ivant, to be in need. 
Ego, mei, pron. /, mine, page 

45. 
Ejicio, jicere, jeci, ectum, v. 

a. to throw out, to cast away. 
Elegans, antis, adj. elegant. 
Eligo, igere, legi, lectum, v 

a. to choose. 
Eloquens, entis, adj - eloquent, 

comp. eloquentior, ius, g. el- 

oquentioris, more eloquent. 
Eloquentia, se, f. eloquence. 
EmOj emere, emi, emptum, v. 

a. to buy. 
Emptus, a, urn, part, (from 

emor,) bought, purchased. 
En, #dv. lo ! behold. 
Enim, conj. for, indeed. 
Eo, Ire, Ivi, itum, v. n. to go. 
Epaminondas, se, m. Epami- 

nondas, a Theban general. 
Epicurus, i, m. Epicurus. 
Eques, Itis, com. a horse- 
man. 
Equidem, adv. indeed, truly. 
Equitatus, us, m. cavalry. 
Ergo, adv. then, therefore. 
Eriplo, ere, ui, eptum, v. a. 

to seize, to take. 
Erro, are, v. n. to mistake, to 

wander. 
Error, oris,m. error, mistake 
Erudio, Ire, Ivi, Itum, v. a. to 

ifistruct. 



EXI 

Erudltus, a, um, adj. (ior, is- 

simus,) taught, instructed. 
Et, conj. and, both, also, even. 
Eternus, a, um, adj. eternal. 
Etiam, conj. also, even. 
Etsi, conj. although. 
Evado, ere, vasi, vasum, v. a. 

andn. to escape, to go aivay. 
Evenio, Ire, veni, ventam, v. 

a. to come, to happen. 
Eventus, us, m. an event. 
Ever to, ere, verti, versum, v. 

a. to overthrow, to destroy. 
Evlto, are, v. a. to shun,avoid, 

escape. 
Evoio, are, v. a. to fly away, 

to escape. 
Ex, prep, from, out of, by. 
Exactus, a, um, perf. part. 

(from exigo,) finished. 
Excedo, edere, cessi, cessum, 

v. n. to exceed, to go forth, 

to depart. 
Excito, are, v. a. to excite. 
Excolo, ere, ui, cultum, v. a. 

to cultivate, to polish. 
Excursio, onis, f. an inroad. 
Excuso, are, v. a. to excuse. 
Exemplum, i, n. an example. 
Exerceo, cere, ui, citum, v. a. 

to exercise. 
Exercitus, us, m. an army. 
Exhibeo, ere, ui, itum, v. a. to 

show, to give, to offer. 
Exigo, igere, egi, actum, v. a. 

to drive out, to exact, to com* 

plete. 
Exiguus, a, urn, adj. small, 

short. 



Vocabulary. 



191 



EXP 

Existimo, are, v. a. to think, 
to judge. 

Exitium, ii, n. ruin, death. 

Exordium, ii. n. a beginning. 

Exorior, oriri, ortus, sum. v. d. 
to arise. 

Expecto, are, v. a. to expect, 
to wait for. 

Expedit, impers. v. it is expe- 
dient, it is proper. 

Expello, ere, uli, ulsum, v. a. 
to expel. 

Experglscor, gisci, experrec- 
tus sum, v. d. to awake, to 
get up. 

Experientia, ae, f. experience 

Experior,periri,expertus sum, 
v. d. to try, to endeavor. 

Expers, ertis, adj. void, desti- 
tute. 

Expeto, etere, petivi, petltum, 
v. a. to seek, to covet. 

Explico, are, ui, or avi, eitum 



EXT 

or catum, v. a. to explain, to 

unfold. 
Expromo, ere, prompsi, ptum, 

v. a. to draw out, to show. 
Expugno, are, v. a. to capture, 

to take. 
Exsanguis, e, adj. pale, blood- 
less. 
Extemplo, adv. immediately. 
Exterior, ius, gen. oris, adj. 

(comp. of exter, or exterus,) 

outer. 
Externus. a, um, ad], foreign, 

of another country, strange. 
Exterus, a, um, adj. outward, 

foreign. 
Extinguo, guere, inxi, inc- 

tum, v. a. to extinguish. 
Extremus, a, um, adj. (super. 

of exter or exterus,) the last, 

extreme. 
Extrudo, ere, usi, usum, v. a. 

to put off, to sell. 



FAL 

Fabiila, se, f. a story, play, 
Facile, adv. easily. 
Facilis, e, adj. easy. 
Facinus, inoris, n. a crime. 
Fa cio e h, feci, factum, v. a. 
to make, to do, to allow. 



F. 

FEL 
Falsus, a, um, adj. false. 
Fama, ae, {.fame, report. 
Familiaritas,atis, {.familiar- 
ity. 
Famulus, i, m. a servant. 



deed. 

Facultas, atis, {.faculty, abil- 
ity, wealth. 

Falco, on is, m. a hawk. 

Fallax, acis, adj. deceitful. 

Fallo, ere, fefelli, falsum, v. 
a. to fait, to deceive. 



Fateor, fateri, fassus sum, v. 

d. to confess. 
Fauces, ium, f. pi. (no sing.) 

the jaws, narrow passes. 
Faveo, ere, vi. fautum, v. a. 

to favor. 
Felicior, ius, g. oris, adj. 

(cornp. of felix,) more hap- 



192 



Vocabulary. 



FLO 

Felicitas, atis, f. felicity, hap- 
piness. 

Felix, icis, adj. (felicior, feli- 
cissimus,) happy. 

Fenestra, se, f. a window. 

Fere, adv. almost. 

Ferens, entis, part, (from fe- 
ro,) bearing. 

Fero, ferre, tuli, latum, irreg. 
v. to bear, page 101. 

Ferox, oeis adj. fierce. 

Ferus, a, urn, adj. wild, sav- 
age. 

Festlno, are, v. a. to hast- 
en. 

Ficus, i, L a fig. 

Fides, ei, f. faith, credit. 

Filius, ii, m. a son. 

Fingo, gere, nxi, nctum, v. a. 
to form, to pretend. 

Finis, is, f. an end, a border 
of a country. 

Finitus, a, um, part, (from 
finior,) to be finished, end- 
ed. 

Fio, fieri, factus sum, v. n. to 
be, to be made, to become. 

Flagro, are, v. a. and n. to 
burn, to be on fire. 

Flecto, ere, exi, exum, v. a. 
and n. to bend, to turn. 

Fleo, ere, flevi, fletum, v. a. 
and n. to weep. 

Fletus, us, m. weeping, tears. 

Fexibilis, e. adj. bending, 
yielding. 

Flexus, a, um, part, from flec- 
to, bent, or bending. 

Floreo, ere, ui, v. n. to flour- 
ish^ to blossom. 



FUN 
Flumen, mis, n. a river. 
Fluvius, ii, m. a river. 
Foedus, eris, n. a treaty, a 

league. 
Fons, fontis, f. a fountain. 
Forsan, adv. perhaps. 
Fortasse, adv. perhaps. 
Forie, adv. perhaps, by 

chance. 
Fortitudo, mis, f. fortitude, 

courage. 
Fortis, e, adj. (ior, issimus,) 

brave, valiant. 
Fortiter, adr. bravely ; super. 

fortissime, most bravely. 
Forttina, se, f. fortune. 
Forum, i, n. the forum. 
Frater, tris, m. a brother. 
¥xdMs,ix^Vidis,Lfraud,deceit. 
Fremitus, us, m. a noise, a 

roaring, a clashing. 
Frons,tis,f. face,countenance. 
Fructuaria, se, f. a fruit wo- 
man. 
Fructus, us, m. fruit. 
Fruges, um, f. pi. (no sing.) 
fruits, grain of all kinds. 
Fruor, frui, fructus, sum, v. d. 

to enjoy. 
Fucus, i, m. a disguise, guile, 

craft. 
Fuga, se, {.flight. 
Fugio, ere, fugi, itum, V; a, 

and n. to flee, to run away. 
Fulgeo, ere, fulsi, fulsum, y. 

n, to shine. 
Fundo, are, v. a. to found, to 

build. 
Fundo, ere, f udi, fusum, v. a. 

to pour out, to r out ,to scatter. 



Vocabulary. 



193 



FUR FUT 

Fung6r, fungi, functus, sum,|Fustis, is, m. a club. 
v. d. to discharge, to execute. Futurus, a, urn, adj. future. 



Fur, furis, com. a thief. 
Furor, oris, m. fury , anger. 
Furtum, i ; n. a theft, stealing. 

G. 

GER 



Futurus, a, urn, fut. part. 
from sum, to be about to 
be. 



Galli, orum, m. the Gauls. 

Gallia, se, f. Gaul. 

Gallus, a, um, adj. belonging 

~to Gaul. 

Garrlo, ire, ivi, ltum, v. n. to 

prate, to babble. 
Gaudeo, ere, gavlsus sum, 

neu. pass. v. to rejoice. 
Gelidus, a, um, adj. cold. 
Gemma, 33, f. a gem. 
Generatus, a, um, part, (from 

genero,) bred, begotten. 
Gens, gentis, f. a nation. 
Genu, n. (not dec. in sing.) 

genua, uum, pi. a knee, a Ug. 
Genus, eris, n. a kind, a race. 
Germania, 32, f. Germany. 
Germani, orum, e. Germans. 
Gero, rere, gessi, estum, v. a. 

to bear ; gerere morern ; to 

gratify. 



GRE 

Gestus, us, m. a gesture, a 

motion. 
Gigno, ere, genui, ltum, v. a. 

to beget. 
Globus, i, m. a globe. 
Gloria, 33, f. glory. 
Glorior, ari, atus sum, v. d. 

to glory, to boast. 
Grseci, orum, m. the Greeks. 
Graecia, 33, f. Greece. 
Grsecus, a, um, adj. Grecian, 

belonging to Greece. 
Grammatica, 33, f. gram' 

mar. 
Gratus, a, um, adj. grateful, 

pleasant. 
Gravis, e, adj. (ior, issimus,) 

heavy, toeighty, severe. 
Graviter, adv. heavily, grave- 
ly. 
Gremium, ii, n. a bosom. 



H. 



HEL 

Habeo, ere, ui, itum, v. a. to 

have. 
Hamus, i, m. a book. 
Haud, adv. not. 
Haurio, Ire, hausi, haustum, 

v. a. to draw. 
Helena, 33, f. Helen. 
IIelvetii,dr[im,m. Helvetians, 

the Swiss. 
17 



HIN 

Herba, 33, f. an herb. 

Heri, adv. yesterday. 

Hesternus, a, um, adj. of yes- 
terday. 

Heus, adv. ho ! soho / 

Hie, adv. here. 

Hie, lissc, hoc, pron. this. 

Hinc, adv. hence, from this 
place. 



194 



Vocabulary. 



HOR 

Hodie, adv. to-day \, this day. 
Homerus, i, m. Homer. 
Homo, hominis, com. man. 

mankind. 

Honestas, atis, f. honesty. 
Honor, or honos, oris, m, 

honor. 



Hora, se, f. an hour. 



HUM 

Horatius, ii, m. Horatius. 
Hortensius, ii, m. Hortensius. 
Hortus, i, m. a garden. 
Hostis, is, com, an enemy. 
Humanus, a,um, adj. human, 
humane, gentle. 
Humus, i, f. the ground, 



earth. 



I. 



IMP 

Ibi, adv. there, then. 

Idem, eadem, idem, pron. the 
same, p. 48. 

Idolum, i, n. an idol, an im- 
age. 

Igitur, conj. therefore, then. 

Ignarus, a, um, adj. ignorant. 

Ignis, is, f. fire. 

Ignore, are, v. a. not to know, 
to be ignorant. 

Ignosco, cere, novi, notum, v. 
n. to forgive, to pardon. 

Ille, ilia, illud, g. illius, pron. 
he, she, that. 

Illustris, e, adj. (comp. illus- 
trior, us,) illustrious, clear. 

Imago, ginis, f. a representa- 
tion, an image. 

Imitor, ari, atus, sum, v. d. to 
imitate. 

Immemor, oris, adj. unmind- 
ful, forgetful. 

Imo, adv. truly, indeed. 

Iminortalis, le, g. lis, adj. im- 
mortal. 

Impedio, ire, v. a. to hinder. 

Impendeo, ere, di, ensum, v. n. 



(from in and pendo.) 



INC 

Impense, ad. greatly, exceed- 
ingly. 

Imperator, oris, m. a general. 

Impermm, ii, n. an empire, a 
government. 

Impero, are, v. a. to command. 

Impetro, are, v. a. to obtain. 

Impetus, us, m. an attack. 

Impietas, atis, f. impiety. 

Impleo, ere, evi, etum, v. a. 
to fill. 

Importunus, a, um, adj. trou- 
blesome, clamorous. 

Imprimis, adv. in the first 
place, especially. 

Impudentia, se, f. impudence. 

In, prep, in, into. 

Incedo, ere, cessi, cessum, v» 
n. to go, or to walk. 

Incendium, ii, n. afire, a con- 
flagration. 

Incendo, ere, endi, censum, v. 
a. to set fire to, to burn. 

Incensus, a, um, adj. (also 
part, from incendo,) infla- 
med. 

Incertus,a,um, adj. uncertain^ 



to hang over, to threat en Jlncido, ere, idi, casum, v. n* 



to fall, to fall in or upon. 



Vocabulary. 



195 



INF 

Incredibilis, e, adj. incredi- 
ble. 

Incurro, ere, ri, rsum, v. n. to 
run upon. 

Incuso, are, v. a. to accuse, to 
blame. 

Incutio, ere, ssi, ssum, v. a. to 
strike, seize upon, (from in 
and quatio.) 

Indigeo, gere, ui, (no supine,) 
v. n. to want, to be in need. 

Indlgnor, ari, atus, sum, v. d. 
to be indignant. 

Indignus, a, um, adj. unwor- 
thy. 

Indoles, is, f. natural dispo- 
sition. 

IndQeo, ducere, duxi, ductum, 
v. a. to draw on. 

Inductus, a, um, part, from in- 
duco, led, induced. 

Indulgeo, ere, si, turn, v. n. to 
indulge. 

In duo, ere, ui, utum, v. a. to 
put on. 

Indtitus, a, um, perf. part, from 
induo, clad, dressed. 

Ineluctabilis, e, adj. unavoid- 
able. 

Ineo, ire, ivi or ii, Itum, v. a. 
to enter upon, to undertake. 

Inepte, adv. foolishly. 

Ineptio, ire, v. a. to trifle, to 
play the fool. 

Ineptus, a, um, adj. foolish. 

Inertia, ae, f. idleness, igno- 
rance. 

Infans, antis, com. an infant. 

Infero, ferre, ttili, illatum, v. 
a. to bring in, to apply. 



INS 
Infesto, are, v. a. to infest, to 

trouble. 
Infestus, a, um, adj. hostile, 

hated. 
Inflgo, ere, fixi, um, v. a. to 

fix, to fasten. 

Inflammo, are, v. a. to inflame. 
Infligor, gi, ictus, sum, pass. 

v. to be punished. 
Ingenium, ii, n. disposition, 

capacity, genius. 
lngens, entis, adj. great, 

huge. 

In gr atus, a, um, adj. ungrate- 
ful. 
Ingredior, gredi, gressus sum 3 

v. d. to go into, to enter. 
Inhabito, are, v. a. to inhabit. 
Inhserens, tis, part, from in- 

hasreo, ere, hsesi, v. n. to cling 

to, to stick fast. 
Inhio, are, v. n. to gape. 
Inimicus, i, m. an enemy. 
Inimlcus, a, um, adj. un- 
friendly. 

Initium, ii, n. the beginning. 
Injuria, 33, f. injury. 
Innocentia, 33, f. innocence. 
Innumerabilis, e, adj. innu- 
merable. 
Inopia, as, f. want. 
Inops, inopis, adj. destitute, 

in want. 
Inquio, is, it, def. v. to say. 
Insania, 33, f. insanity. 
Insequor, qui, secutus sum, 

v. d. to follow. 
Insimulo, are, v. a. to accuse, 

to feign. 
Insipiens, entis, &&}. foolish* 



196 



Vocabulary. 



INT 

Insto, are, stiti, v. n. to urge, 
to press. 

Instructus, a, urn, adj. taught, 
educated j also, a part, from 
instruor. 

Instruo, uere, uxi, uctum, v. a. 
to draw out, to arrange, to 
arm, to set in battle array. 

Insula, ae, f. an island. 

Insum, es, esse, v. n. to be in. 

Intelllgo, ere, lexi, lectum, v. 
a. to understand. 

Intendo, ere, di, sum and turn, 
v. a. to apply, to put forth. 

Intentatus, a, um, perf. part- 
icip. from intento, charged, 
brought. 

Intento, are, v. a. to charge, 
to bring a suit at law. 

Intentus, a, um, adj. intent, 
attentive. 

Inter, prep, among, between, 
during. 

Intercedo, ere, cessi, cessum, 
v. n. to come, to be, or pass 
between. 

Intereo, ire, ivi, or li, v. a. to 
die, to perish. 

Interest, impers. v. it con- 
cerns, it differs ; nihil in- 
terest, there is no differ- 
ence. 

Interfectus, a, um, perf. part- 
icip. from interficio, killed, 
slain. 

Interficio, ere, feci, fectum, % 
a. to kill. 

Interimo, mere, emi, emptum, 
v. a. to kill, to take away. 

Interrogatus, a, um, part. 



ITE 

from interrogo, asked, in- 
quired of. 

Interrogo, are, v. a. to ask, to 
inquire. 

Intersum, esse, fui, v. n. to be 
present, to differ. 

Intrepidus, a, um, adj. intre- 
pid, brave. 

Inundo, are, v. a. to overflow, 
to inundate. 

Invenio, ire, veni, ventum, v. 
a. to find, to invent. 

Invideo, ere, vidi, visum, v. a. 
and n. to envy, to hate. 

Invito, are, v. a. to invite, to 
encourage. 

Invltus, a, um, adj. unwill- 
ing. 

Ipse, a, um, g. ipsius, pron. 
he, she, the same. 

Ira, se, f. anger. 

Irascor, asci, atus sum, v. d* 
to be angry. 

Iratus, a, um, adj. angry ; al- 
so part, from irascor. 

Is, ea, id, pron. he, she, it. 

Isocrates, is, m. Isocrates. 

Iste, ista, istud, pron. he, this, 
that. 

Ita, adv. so, even so, yes. 

Italia, ae, f. Italy. 

Itaque, conj. therefore. 

Iter, itineris, n. a journey, a 
march. 

Itero, are, v. a. to renew, to 
begin again, to repeat ; ite- 
ratum, est, 3d pers. sing, 
perf. pass, it has been re- 
peated. 

Iterum, adv. again. 



Vocabulary. 



197 



J. 



JUN 
Jactilra, ae, f. loss, damage. 
Jam, adv. now, already. 
Jocus, i, m. a jest, a joke. 
Jubeo, ere, jussi, jussum, v. 

a. to order, to command. 
Jucundus, a, ura, adj. (ior, us, 

g. oris,) pleasant. 
Judex, icis, com. a judge. 
Judicium, ii, n. a judgment, 

a trial. 
Judico, are, v. a. to judge. 
Jugurtha, se. m. Jugurtha, a 

king of NumJdia. 
Jungo, ere, junxi, junctum, v. 

a. to join. 

LAU 

Labor, oris, m. labor. 

Laboriosus, a, um, adj. labo- 
rious*. 

Lacedsemonii, orum, m. pi. 
Lacedemonians. 

Lac, lactis, n. milk. 

Lachryma, se, f. a tear, weep- 
ing. 

Lsetor, ari, atus sum, v. d. to 
rejoice, to be glad. 

Lsstus. a, um, adj. glad, joy- 
ful. 

Lanx, ancis, f. a balance, or 
scales to weigh in. 

Lateo, ere, ui, v. n. to lie hid, 
to be concealed. 

Latlnus, a, um, adj. Latin. 

Latium, ii, n. Latium. 

Laudo, are, v. a. to praise, to 
commend. 

Laus, laudis, f. praise, glo- 
ry. 



JUV 

Jupiter, Jo vis, m. Jupiter. 

Juro, are, v. n. to swear, to 
take an oath. 

Jus, juris, n. right, law, equity. 

Justitia, 8B, {.justice. 

Justus, a, um, adj. just, up- 
right. 

Juvat, impers. v. it helps or 
avails; quid juvat, what 
avails it ? 

Juvenis, is, com. a youth, a 
young man or woman. 

Juventus, utis, f. a youth. 

Juvo, are, juvi, jutum, v. a. to 
help, &s sis t. 

L. 

LIB 

Lectio, onis, f. a lesson, read- 
ing. 
Lectus, i, m. a bed. 
Legatus, i, m. a messenger, 

an ambassador. 
Legio, onis, f. a legion, a 

band of soldiers. 
Lego, ere, legi, lectum, v. a. 

to read, to choose. 
Lenio, ire, ivi, Itum, v. a. to 

soothe, to mitigate. 
Leo, onis, m. a lion. 
Letum, i, n. death. 
Lex, legis, f. a law. 
Libenter. adv. willingly. 
Liber, libri, m. a book. 
Liberalitas, atis, f. liberality, 

generosity. 
Liberi, orum, pi. m. (no sing.) 

children. 

Libero, are, v. a. to deliver, 
Libertasj atis, f. liberty. 



198 



Vocabulary. 



LON 

Libido, inis, f. lust, ungovern- 
ed passion. 

Libra, ae, f. a pound. 

Licet, ebat, uit, licuerit, lici- 
tum est, impers. v. it is law- 
ful. 

Licet, conj. although. 

Lignum, i, n. wood. 

Lilium, ii, n. a lily. 

Lingua, 33, f. a language. 

Literse, arum, pi. f. (no sing.) 
letters. 

Literatus, a, um, adj. learned. 

Locupleto, are, v. a. to enrich. 

Locus, i, in sing, m, in pi. m. 
and n. a place. 

Locutus, a, um.perf. part, from 
loquor, speaking, saying. 

Longe, adv. far. | 



LYD 

Longus, a, um, adj. (ior, issi- 

mus,) long, longer, longest, 
Loquor, loqui, locutus sum, v. 

d. to talk, to speak. 
Luceo, ere, luxi, v.n. to shine, 

to give light. 
Lucullus, i, m. Lucullus. 
Ludo, ere, lusi, lusum, v. a. 

and n. to play, to sport. 
Ludovicus., i, m. Louis. 
Lugeo, ere, uxi, no supine, v# 

a. to mourn. 
Luna, aa, f. the m.oon. 
Lupus, i, m. a wolf. 
Lux, lucis, f. light. 
Luxuna, se, f. luxury. 
Lycurgus, i, m. Lycurgus, 
Lydia, as, f. Lydia. 



MAL 

Maccus, i, m. Maccus. 

Magis, adv. (comp. majus, 
sup. maxime,) rather. 

Magister, tri, m. a master. 

Magistrates, us, m. a magis- 
trate, magistracy. 

Magnif icus, a, um, adj. mag- 
nificent. 

Magnus, a, um, adj. (major, 
maximus,) great. 

Major, us, g. oris, adj. (comp. 
of magnus,) greater. 

Majores, um, pi. m. no sing. 
ancestors, forefathers. 

Male, adv. ill, badly. 

Maledico, dicere, dixi, dic- 
tum, v. n. to reproach^ to 
curse. 



M. 

MAT 

Malo, malle, malui, nosupine, 

irreg. v. to be more willing ) 

to prefer ; page 100. 
Malum, i, n. an apple. 
Malum, i, n. an evil, a fault. 
Malus, a, um, adj. evil, bad 
Maneo, ere, ansi, ansum, v. n. 

to remain ; hence the part. 

mansurus, about to remain 

or continue. 
Man us, us, f. a hand, a band 

of soldiers. 
Marcus, i, m. Marcus or 

Mark. 
Mardonius, ii, m. Mardonius. 
Mafs, artis, m. Mars, the god 

of war. 
Mater, tris. f. a mother. 



Vocabulary. 



199 



MEN 

Matrimonium, ii, n. matri- 
mony. 

Matrona, se, f. a matron, an 
aged woman. 

Maturesco, ere, maturui, in- 
cep. v. to ripen, to be ripe. 

Maturo, are, v. a. to make 
haste, to ripen. 

Ma turns, a, urn, adj. ripe, ma- 
ture, quick. 

Maxime, adv. chiefly, for ths 
most part; superlative from 
magis. 

Maximus, a, um, adj. super, 
of magnus, greatest. 

Medicus, i, m. physician. 

Meditor, ari, atus sum, v. d. 
to meditate, to study. 

Megara, se, f. Megara. 

Mel, mellis, n. honey. 

Melior, us, g.ioris, adj. comp. 
of bonus, better. 

Memini, memento, memine- 
ro, memmisse, defect, v. to 
remember, page 108. 

Memor, oris, adj. mindful* of 
a good memory. 

Memoria, ae, f. memory. 

Mendacium, ii, n. a lie, a 

falsehood. 

Mendax, acis, adj. false, ly- 
ing; substantively, a liar. 

Menelaus, i, m. Menelaus. 

Mens, mentis, f. the mind, the 
soul. 

Mensa, se, f. a table. 

Mentio, onis, f. mention. 

Mentior, Iri, titus sum, v. d. 
to lie, to speak falsely. 



MIS 
Merum, i, n. wine. 
Merx, cis,f. merchandise, any 

kind of goods or wares. 
Metellus, i, m. Metellus. 
Metuo, ere, ui, v. a. and n. to 

fear, to be afraid. 
Metus, us, m. fear. 
Meus, mea, meum, pron. adj. 

my, mine, my own. 
Migro, are, v. n. to remove 

from one place to another, 

to emigrate. 
Miles, itis, com. a soldier. 
Militaris, e, adj. military. 
Mille — Millia, ium, adj. n. a 

thousand. 
Miltiades, dis, m. Miltiades. 
Mina, se, f. a threat. 
Minerva, se, f. Minerva. 
Minime, adv. least, by no 

means ; super, of parviim. 
Minimus, a, um, adj. super, of 

parvus, less, smallest. 
Minor, us, g. minoris, comp. 

of parvus, less, smaller. 
Minor, ari, minatus sum, v.d. 

to threaten. 
Minus, adv. less, less than } 

comp. of parvum. 
Mire, adv. strangely, won- 
derfully. 
Miror, ari, atus sum, v. d. to 

wonder, to admire. 
Mirus, a, um, adj. wonder- 
ful. 

Miser, era, crum, adj. miser- 
able, 
Misereor, ereri, misertus sum, 

v. d. to pity. 



200 



Vocabulary. 



MOR 

Miseresco, escere,v. n. to pity, 

Miseret, misertum estjmpers. 
v. to pity, to be sorry for. 

Mitesco, ere, incep. v. to grow 
tame , to be mild. 

Mitis, e, adj. (ior, issimus,) 
gentle, mild, ripe. 

Mitto, ere, misi, missum, v. a 
to send, to let alone. 

Modestia, ee, f. modesty. 

Modestus, a, um, adj. modest. 

Modo, adv. just now, provi- 
ded, only. 

Modus,i,m.manner,measure. 

Mcenia, um, or orum, n. pi. 
walls. 

Mo3stus, a. um, adj. sad, sor- 
rowful. 

Molestia, se, f. trouble. 

Moneo, ere, ui, Itum, v. a. to 
admonish, to advise. 

Mons, montis, m. a moun- 
tain. 

Monstrum, i, n. a monster. 

Mora, se, f. delay. 

Morbus, i, m. disease. 

Morior, mori, mortuus sum, 
v. d. to die. 



< MUT 
M6ror, ari, atus sum, v. d. to 

delay. 
Mors, mortis, f. death. 
Mortalisj is, m. a mortal, a 

man. 
Mos, moris, m. a custom, a 

humor. 
Motus, us, m. a motion, 
Moveo, ere, movi, motum 3 v. 

a. to move. 
Mox, adv. presently. 
Mulier, eris, f. a woman. 
Multitudo, dinis, f. a multi- 
tude. 
Multo, are, v. a. to fine, to 

punish. 
Multo, adv. much, by much, 

far, long. 

Multum, adv. much, often. 
Multus, a,um, adj. much,many 
Mundus, i, m. the world. ' 
Munificentia, se, f. liberality, 

munificence. 
Munus, eris, n. an office oj 

employment. 
Mm\is,i,m.awall,apartition 
Musa, se. f. a Muse. 
Muto, are, v. a. to change. 



N. 



NAT 

Nse, adv. (ofaffirmation,)^- 
ly, really. 

Nam, conj. for. 

Narro, are, v. a. to tell, to re- 
late. 

Nascor, nasci, natus sum, v. 
d. to be born, to arise. 

Natura, se, f. nature. 

Natus, i, m. a son, a child. 



NEC 
Navis, is, f. a ship, a vessel. 
Ne, conj. not, lest; ne, added 

to verbs, is the sign of a 

question, as, audisne, do you 

hear ? 

Nee, conj. nor, not, neither. 
Necessarius, a, um, adj. ne* 

cessary. 
Necessitas, atis, f. necessity* 



Vocabulary. 



201 



NON 

Negligens, entis, adj. negli- 
gent. 

Nego, are, v. n. to deny. 

Negotium, ii, n. business. 

Nemo, inis, com. nobody, no 
one. 

Neptunus, i, m. Neptune, the 
god of the sea. 

Neque, conj. nor, not. 

Nescio, ire, ivi, Itum, v. n. to 
be ignorant. 

Neuter, tra, trum, adj. neither. 

Ni, conj. if not, unless. 

Nihil, n. (not declined,) no 
thing. 

Nimis, adv. too much. 

Nisi, conj. unless. 

Nobilis, e, adj. (ilior, issimus) 
noble. 

Nocens, ntis, adj. guilty. 

Noceo,ere,ui, it\im,Y.&.tohurt. 

Nolo, nolle, nolui, irreg. v. to 
be unwilling ; page 90. 

Nomen,mis,n.a name,a noun. 

Non, adv. no, not. 

Nondum, adv. not yet. 

Nonne, adv. (of interroga- 
tion,) not ? if not. 

Nonnullus, a, um, adj. some, 
something. 



NUP 

Nosco, ere, novi, notum, v. a. 

to know. 
Noster, tra, trum, pron. ours. 
Nostrum, nostri, g. pi. of ego, 

of us. 
Novi, novisti, or nosti, novit, 

perf. noveram, plup. defect. 

v. to know. 
Novus, a, um, adj. new. 
Nox, noctis, f. night. 
Noxius, a, um, adj. hurtful. 
Nudiustertius, adv. the day 

before yesterday. 
Nudus, a, um, adj. naked. 
Nullus, a, um, g. nuliius, adj. 

none. 
Num, adv. whether or no. 
Numeratus, a, um, part, from 

numero, counted, paid. 
Numero, are, v. a. to number ', 

to count, to pay. 
Numeror, ari, atus sum, pass. 

v. to be paid. 
Numerus, i, m. a number. 
Nummus, i, m. money. 
Nunc, adv. now. 
Nunquam, adv. never. 
Nuntio, are, v. a. to tell, to re- 
late. 
Nuper, adv. lately. 



O. 



OBS 

Ob, prep, for, on account of. 
Obeo, ire, ivi and ii, v. a. to 

go to, to die. 
Obliviscor, oblivisci, oblitus 

sum, v. d. to forget. 
Observo, are, v. a. to observe. 



OBS 

Obsideo, ere, sedi, sessum, v. 

a. and n. to besiege. 
Obsidio, onis, f. a siege,block- 

ade. 
Obstruo, ere, uxi, ctum 3 v. a. 

to ston. to hinder. 



202 



Vocabulary. 



OPI 

Obtineo, ere, ui, v. a. to ob- 
tain, to procure. 

Obviam, adv. in the way, at 
hand. 

Occasio, orris, f. occasion, op- 
portunity. 

Occasus, us, m. a setting. 

Occido, ere, Idi, Isuin, v. a 
to kill. 

Occido, dere, cidi, v. n. to fall, 
to perish. 

Occupo, are, v. a, to take, to 
seize. 

Ocrea, se, f. leather stockings 
or gaiters. 

Ocreatus, a, urn, adj. dressed 
in leather stockings 

Oculus, i, m. the eye. 

Odium, ii, n. hatred. 

Odor, oris, m. an odor, a 
smell. 

Officina, se, f. a shop or stall. 

Officium, ii, n. duty. 

Olim, adv. formerly. 

Omen, ominis, n. an omen, 
an augury. 

Omitto, ere, mlsi, v. a. to 
omit. 

Omnis, e, adj. all, every one. 

Onero, are, v. a. to lade on 
board, to load. 

Opinio, onis, f. opinion. 



OVI 

Opis, gen. ace. opem, abl. ope, 

help ; no nom. and hence 
Opes, ium, Ibus, pi. f. riches. 
Oportet, oportuit, impers. v. 

it ought, it is proper. 
Opprimo, imere, essi, essum, 

v. a. to oppress, to conquer. 
Oppugno, are, v. a. to attack. 
Optime, adv. best ; super, of 

bene. 
Optimus, a, um, adj. best; 

super, of bonus. 
Opulentus, a, um, adj. rich. 
Opus, operis, n. work ; opus, 

when indeclinable, means 

need. 
Oratio, onis, f. a speech, an 

oration. 

Orator, oris, m. an orator. 
Orbis, is, f. an orb, a world. 
Ordior, ordiri, orsus sum, v. 

d. to begin, to enter upon. 
Ordo, mis, f. order, rank. 
Origo, inis, f. origin, source. 
Orior, iri, ortus sum, v. d, to 

rise, to begin. 

Ornamentum, i, n. an orna- 
ment. 
Oro, are, v. a. to pray, to in- 

treat. 

Otium, ii, n. leisure. 
Ovis, ovis, com. a sheep. 



P. 



PAR 

Pabulum, i, n.food. 

Palma, se, f. the palm of the 

hand, the hand. 
Pan, Panis, m. Pan. 
Par, paris, n. a pair. 



PAR 

Parco, ere, peperci, v. n. to 

spare. 

Parens, entis, com. a parent. 
Pareo, ere, ui ; ritum, v. n. 

to obey. 



Vocabulary. 



203 



PER 

Paris, idis, m. Paris. 

Paro, are, v. a. to provide, to 

prepare. 

Pars, partis, f. a part. 
Parvus, a, um, adj. small. 
Pascens, centis, part, from 

pasco, feeding. 
Passus, us, m. the distance of 

one pace, a pace. 
Pastor, oris, m. a shepherd. 
Pater, tris, m, a father. 
Patera, ee, f. a bowl, a goblet. 
Patiens, entis, part, (from pa- 

tior,) suffering, bearing. 
Patior, pati, passus sum, v. d. 

to suffer, endure. 
Patria, 33, f. country. 
Pauci, 33, a, pi. adj. few, 

small. 
Paulisper, adv. a little. 
Pauper, eris, (pauperior, pau- 

perrimus,) adj. poor. 
! Paupertas, atis, f. poverty. 
Pax, pacis, f. peace. 
Pecco, are, v. n. to sin, to 

transgress. 
Peculiariter, adv. peculiar- 

ly. 

Pecunia, se, f. money. 
Pecus, oris, n. a flock, a herd 

of sheep. 

Pediculus, i, m. a louse. 
Penes, prep, with, under. 
Pensilis, e, adj. hanging. 
Per, prep, through. 
Peragro, are, v. a. to travel 

through. 
Percutio, cutere, cussi, cus- 

sum, v. a. to strike, to beat. 



PIU 

Pereo, ire, li, Ivi, v. n. to per* 
ish, to be slain. 

Pergo, ere, perrexi, v. n. to go, 
to pursue one^s way. 

Periculum, i, n. danger. 

Peritus, a, um, adj. (super, 
peritissimus,) skilful. 

Permaneo, ere, mansi, man- 
sum, v. n. to remain. 

Permultus, a, um, adj. many, 
very many, very much. 

Perpetior, peti, pessus sum, 
v. d. to bear, to suffer. 

Perpetuo, adv. perpetually. 

Perpetuum, adv. perpetually. 

Perpetuus, a, um, adj. perpet- 
ual. 

Perquam, adv. very much. 

Perspicue, adv. clearly. 

Perturbo, are, v. a. to disturb, 
to trouble. 

Pervenio, Ire, veni, ventum, 
v. n. to come to, to reach, to 
attain to. 

Pes, pedis, m. afoot. 

Peto, ere, Ivi or ii, Itum, v. a. 
to ask, to seek, to attack. 

Philosophia, ss, f. philosophy. 

Philosophus, i, m. a philoso- 
pher 

Phoenlces, um, m. pi. Phoeni- 
cians. 

Pietas, atis, f. piety. 

Piget, piguit, pigitum, est, 
impers. v. it grieveth, it re- 
penteth. 

Pirum, i, n. a pear. 

Piscis, is, m. a fish. 

Pius, a, um, adj. prows devout. 



204 



Vocabulary. 



POS 

Placeo, ere, ui, Itum, v. n. to 

please. 
Placet, cebat, cuit, placitum 

est, impers. v. it pleases. 
Placide, adv. quickly. 
Plaga, se, f. a stripe, a stroke. 
Plane, adv. clearly, entirely. 
Platea, 03, f. the street. 
Plato, onis, m. Plato. 
Plebs, plebis, f. the people. 
Plerius, a, um, adj. j%//. 
Plerumque, adv. often times, 

for the most part. 
Plus, pluris, adj. more; pi. 

plures, plura, pluria; g. ium. 
Plus, adv. more. 
Poena, se, f. punishment. 
Poenitet, poenituit, impers. v. 

it repents. 
Poeta, se, m. a poet. 
Pompelus, ii, m. Pompey. 
Pomum, i, n. an apple. 
Pono, ponere, posui, posi- 

tum, v. a. to put, to place, to 

lay. 
Pontifex, if icis, m. pontiff. 
Populus, i, m. a people. 
Porta, 86, f. a door, a gate. 
Posco, poscere, poposci, no 

supine, v, a. to demand. 
Possessio, onis, f. a posses- 
sion. 
Possum, posse, potui, irreg. v. 

to be able, may. 
Post, prep, after. 
Postea, adv. afterwards. 
Posterum, or in posterum, 

adv. lastly, hereafter. 
Posterus, a, urn, adj. the next 

after. 



Posthac, adv. hereafter. 

Postquam, conj. after that, 
after. 

Postridie, adv. the next day 
after. 

Postulo, are, v. a. to require, 

Potentia, as, f. power. 

Potestas, atis, f. power. 

Potius, adv. rather. 

Prsebeo, ere, ui, v. a. to yield, 
to supply, to furnish. 

Prascedo, ere, cessi, cessum, 
v. a. to go before, to ex- 
cel. 

Prseceptor, oris, m. a master, 
an instructor. 

Prseceptum, i, n. a precept, a 
command. 

Prsecipue, adv. especially. 

Prsecipuus, a, um, adj. pecu- 
liar, especial. 

Prseclare, adv. excellently. 

Prseclarus, a, um, adj. excel- 
lent, distinguished. 

Praecurro, ere, curri, v. a. to 
run before. 

Prseda, se, f. plunder, booty. 

Praedico, ere, xi, ctum, v. a. to 
proclaim,, to foretell. 

Prseditus, a, um, adj .furnish- 
ed, endowed. 

Prsedo, are, v. a. to rob, to 
plunder. 

Praedor, ari, atus sum, v. d. to 
rob, to plunder. 

Praefero, ferre, tuli, latum, .v. 
a. to prefer. 

Praellum, ii, n. a battle. 

Prsemitto, ere, misi^y. a. to 
send before. 



Vocabulary. 



205 



PRI 

Preemium, ii, n. a reward. 
Prsesens, entis, adj. present. 
Pnesertim, adv. especially. 
Prsesideo, ere, edi, ssum, v. a. 
to preside over, have charge 

°f' 
Preestans, antis, (ior, issimus) 

adj. excellent. 

Prassto, are, stiti, v. a. and 
n. to stand before, to per- 
form. 

Prassum, esse, fui, irreg. v. to 
be above or over, to com 
inand. 

Prceier, prep, besides. 

Prsetereo, Ire, Ivi or ii, Itum, 
v. a. to pass by, to omit; 
perf. part, praeterltus, past 
and gone, done. 

Praevideo, ere, vldi, visum, v. 
a. to foresee, to provide. 

Precis, gen. preci, precem, 
prece, f. no nom. a prayer. 

Preces, cum, plur. f. prayers, 
entreaties. 

Pretiosus, a, um, adj. pre- 
cious. 

Pretium, ii, n. price. 

Priamus, i, m. Priam. 

Pridie, adv. on the day before. 

Primo, > adv. .firstly, atfirst ; 

Primum, $ super, from prius. 

Primus, a, um, (super, of pri- 
or,) &&}. first. 

Princeps, Ipis, com. a leader, 
a chief. 

Principium, ii, n. a begin- 
ning. 

Priscus, i, m. Priscus. 

Priusquam, adv. before thai. 
18 



PRO 

Privatus, a, um, adj. private. 
Privo, are, v. a. to take away, 

to deprive. 
Pro, prep. for. 
Probo, are, v. a. to prove, to 

approve. 
Probus, a, um, adj. honest, 

upright. 

Procul, adv. far, far off. 
Procumbo, cumbere, cubui, 

v. n. to lie down, to fall 

down. 
Prodeo, Ire, ii, or Ivi, v. n. to 

come forth. 
Proditio, onis, f. treason. 
Profectio, onis, f. a depart- 
ure. 
Profero, ferre, tuli, latum, v. a. 

to bring forward, to utter, 

to bear away. 
Profiteor, fiteri, fessus sum, 

v. d. to profess. 
Profiuens, entis, adj. or part. 

running, flowing. 
Profugio, fugere, fugi, v. n. to 

flee, to escape. 

Prohibeo, ere, ui, v. a. to re- 
strain, to hinder. 
Promereo, ere, ui, ritum, v. 

n. and promereor, promeri- 

tus sum, v. d. to deserve 

well or ill, to commit or be 

committed. 
Promitto, ere, mlsi, missum, 

v. a. to promise. 
Promptus, a, um, adj. ready, 

prompt. 
Propero, are, v. a. and n. to 

hasten. 
Propinquus, a, um, adj. near. 



206 



Vocabulary. 



PRO 

Propius, adv. comp. (frompro- 
pe) near to, not far from, 

Propositum, i, n. purpose, ob- 
ject. 

Propter, prep. for. 

Prosequor, sequi, secutus 
sum, v. d. to pursue, to ac- 
company. 

Prosilio, Ire, ui or ii, sultum, 
v. n. to leap, to jump. 

Prosperus, a, um, adj. pros- 
perous. 

Prosum, des, fui, desse, (from 
pro and sum,) to do good to, 
to profit. 

Protinus, adv. immediately. 

Proiit, adv. as. 

Providentia, se, f. providence. 

Provincia, se, f. a province. 

Provoco, are, v. a. to chal- 
lenge. 

Proximus, a, um, adj. near- 
est, next, (super, from prope, 
comp. propior.) 



PYR 

Prudens, entis, adj. comp. 

prudentior, prudent, more 

prudent. 

Prudentia, se, £ prudence. 
Prunum, i, n. a plum or prune. 
Ptolemseus, i, m. Ptolemy. 
Publicus, a, um, adj. public. 
Publius, ii, m. Publius. 
Pudet, puduit, imper. v. to be 

ashamed. 

Puella, se, f. a girl. 
Puer, eri, m. a boy. 
Pugna, se, f. a fight or battle. 
Pugno, are, v. a. to fight, to 

wage war. 
Pulcher, chra, chrum, adj. 

beautiful. 
Pulex, icis, m. a flea. \menL 
Punctum, i, n. a point, a mo- 
Punio, Ire, v. a. to punish. 
Purus, a, um, adj. pure. 
Puto, are, v. a. and n. to think. 
Pyrensei, se, a, adj. pi. Pyre- 

ncean. 



qua 

Quadraginta, adj. pi. forty, 

(not declined.) 
Qusero,quserere,qusesivi, quse- 

situm, v. a. to seek, to ask. 
Qussstio, onis, f. a question, 

a debate. 
Qusestor, oris, m. a questor. 
Q,usestus, us, m. gain. 
Qudlis,e,adi.what,whatkind. 
Q,uam, conj. how as, than. 
Quamobrem, adv. wherefore. 
Quando, adv. when, at what 

time. 



QUE 

Quanddquidem, conjun. as^ 

since. 
Quantopere,adv. how greatly 
Quantum, adv. as much as, 

how, as. 
Quantus, a, um, adj. how 

much, how great 
Quatiior, adj. (not declined,) 

four. 

Que, conj. and. 
Querela, se, f. a complaint. 
Queror, queri, questus sura, 

v. d. to complain. 



Vocabulary. 



207 



QUI 

Qui, quae, quod or quid, pron. 

who, which, that. 
Quia, conj. because. 
Quicunque, quaecunque,quod- 

cunque, pron. whosoever. 
Quid, n. (used substantively) 

what? 
Quidam, quaedam, quoddam, 

quiddam, pron. a certain 

person or thing. 
Quidem, adv. truly, indeed. 
Quidnam, neut. what? 
Quies, etis, f. quiet. 
Quin, adv. and conj. but, but 

that. 
Quinque, adj. (not declined,) 
Jive. 
Quis, quae, quod or quid, pron. 

who, which. 



QUU 

Quisnam, quaenam, quodnam, 
pron. who. which, what; see 
page 48. 

Quisquam, quaequam, quid or 
quodquam, pron. any one, 
any body or thing. 

Quisquis, , quicquid 

or quidquid, pron. whoever, 
whatever; see page 48. 

Quo, conj. whither. 

Quocunque, adv. whitherso- 
ever. 

Quod, conj. that, because, as. 

Quomodo, adv. how, as. 

Quoque, conj. also, truly. 

Quot, adj. pi. (not declined,) 
how many. 

Quum, adv. when; conjun. 
since, whereas. 



M. 



RED 

RapTna, ae, f. rapine, .plunder. 

Rapio, ere, ui, raptum, v. a. 
to seize, to plunder. 

Ratio, onis, f. reason. 

Recte, adv. rightly. 

Rectus, a,um, adj. right, just. 

Recuperatus, a, um, part, 
(from recupero,) to recover, 
to regain, to rescue. 

Redamo, are, v. a. to lovehim 
that loves us, to love in re- 
turn. 

Reddo, ere, didi, v. a. to ren- 
der, to restore. 

Redeo, Ire, ivi, and ii, v. n. to 
return. 

Redigo, ere. egi, actum, v. a. 
to reduce, to bring back. 



REL 

Rediturus, a, um, part, from 
redeo, about to return. 

Redundo, are, v. n. to over- 
flow, to abound. 

Refert, retulit, imper. v. it 
concerns. 

Regina, ae, f. a queen. 

Regius, a, um, adj. royal, 
king-like. 

Regnans, amis, pres. part. 
from regno, reigning. 

Regno, are, v. n. to reign, to 
rule. 

Regnum, i, n. a kingdom. 

Regulus, i, m. Regulus. 

Religio, onis, f. religion. 

Relinquo, ere, llqui, v. a. to 
leave. 



208 Vocabulary. 

RES RUS 

Reliquus, a, urn, adj. the rest, Reverto, ere, ti, v. n. to re- 

the other, j turn. 

Remoror, an, atus sum, v. d. Reverter, ti, versus sum, v. d. 

to delay. \ to return. 

Removeo, ere, movi, v. a. to Reversus, a, urn, part, from 

remove. | revertor, returning. 

Renovo, are, v. a. to renew. Revoco, are, v. a. to recall. 
Reparo, are, v. a. to reneio,Kex, regis, m. a king-. 

restore. Rhenus, i, m. theriver Rhine. 

Repente, adv. suddenly. Rhodus, i, f. Rhodes. 
Reperio, ire, eri, v. a. to find Rideo, ere, isi, sum, neu. or 

out, to discover. \ act. to laugh. 

Repetitio, orris, f. repetition, Ridieulum, i, n. ridicule. 

repeating. .Ridiculus, a, um, adj. silly, 

Repeto, ere, Ivi, or ii, Itum, vJ ridiculous. 

a. to ask again, to repeat or Risum est, (used impersonal- 

rehearse. \ ly,) from rideo, there is 

Repono, ere, posui, v. a. to laughter. 

replace, to rebuild. jRisurus, a, um, (fut. part. 

Res,rei, f. a thing, an affair J from rideo,) about to laugh. 
Resolvo, vere, olvi, v. a. to Risus, us, m. laughter. 

pay, to unloose. jRivus, i, m. a river. 

Respicio, ere, exi, v. a. to look Rogatus, a, um, part, from 

back upon, to consider. I rogor, asked, inquired. 
Resplro, are, v. a. and n. to Rogo, are, v. a. to ask, to in- 

recover, to live. I quire. 

Respondeo, ere, di, sum, v. n. Roma, ee, f. Rome. 

to answer. \lRomhm,dmm,m.p\. Romans. 

Respublica, reipublicse, f. a Romanus, a, um, adj. Roman, 

republic. I belonging to Rome. 

Restauro, are, v. a. to restore, 1 Romulus, i, m. Romulus. 

to renew. jRosa, se, f. a rose. 

Restituo, ere, ui, titum, v. a. Rumor, oris, m. rumor, a re- 

to rebuild, restore. port. 

Resto, are, stiti, v. n. to stop Rursiis, adv. again. 

or stand. jRus, ruris, n. the country. 



Vocabulary. 



209 



S. 



SED 

Sablna, ae, f. Sabina. 
Saepe, adv. often. 
Saltern, adv. at least. 
Salus, litis, f. safety. 
Salvus, a, urn, adj. safe. 
Sane, adv. truly. ^ 

Sanguis, mis, m. blood. 
Sanus, a, um, adj. sound in 

mind) in health. 
Sapiens, tis, adj. wise. 
Sapientior, tius, g. tioris, adj. 

(comp. of sapiens,) wise?'. 
Sapientissimus, a, um, adj. 

(super, of sapiens,) wisest. 
Sapio, ere, ui, (no supine,) v. 

n. to be wise, to savor. 
Satago, ere, egi, v. n. to be 

busy. 
Satis, adv. enough. 
Satisfacio, ere, feci, factum, 

v. a. to satisfy. 
Saturn us, i, m. Saturn. 
Scelestus, a, um, adj. wick- 
ed. 
Scelus, eris, n. crime, guilt. 
Schola, ae, f. a school. 
Scientia, ae, f. science. 
Scio, Ire, ivi, Itum, v. a. to 

know. 
Scribo, bere, psi, seriptum, v. 

a. to write. 
Scriptor, oris, m. a writer. 
Scylla, ae, f. Scylla. 
Securus, a, um, adj. secure, 

safe. 

Sed, conj. but, but also. 
Sedes, is, f. a seat. 
Seditiose, adv. seditiously. 
IS* 



SIG 

Semper, adv. always. 

Sempiternus, a, um, adj. ever- 
lasting. 

Senator, oris, m. a senator* 

Senatus, us, m. a senate. 

Senectus, utis, f. old age. 

Senex, nis, or senicis, com. 
an old 'person. 

Sententia, ae, f. opinion, pur- 
pose. 

Sentio, ire, sensi, v. a. to 
know, to perceive. 

Sepelio, ire, Ivi, ultum, v. a. 
to bury, to inter. 

Septem, adj. (not declined,) 
seven. 

Septimus, a, um, adj. sev- 
enth. 

Sepulchrum, chri, n. a sepal* 
chre, a grave. 

Sequor, qui, cutus sum, v. d. 
to follow. 

Serio, adv. seriously, in ear- 
nest. 

Sermo, onis, m. speech, a 
word. 

Servio, ire, ivi, itum, v. n. to 
be a slave, to serve. 

Servitus, utis, f. slavery. 

Servo, are, v. a. to save, to 
keep. 

Servus,i,m. a servanda slave 

Si, conj. if 

Sic, adv. so. 

Sicilia, ae, f. Sicily. 

Sidus, eris, n. a star. 

Significo, are, v. a. to give 
warning, to signify. 



210 



Vocabulary. 



SPE 
Sileo, ere, ui, (no supine,) v. 

n. to be silent. 
Silva, se, f. a wood. 
Similis, e, (comp. ilior, super. 

illimus,) adj. like, similar. 
Similitude), mis, f. likeness. 
Simonides, is, m. Simonides. 
Simul, adv. at the same time. 
Simulo, are, v. a. to resemble, 

to pretend. 

Sincerus, a, um, adj. sincere. 
Sine, prep, without. 
Singulus, a, um, adj. every, 

each one. 
Sitio, ire, ivi, v. a. to thirst, 

to be thirsty. 

Societas, atis, f. an alliance. 
Socius, ii, m. a companion, 

an ally. 

Socrates, is, m. Socrates. 
Sol, solis, m. the sun. 
Soleo, ere, Htus sum, v. n. 

pass, to be accustomed to. 
Solicitudo, mis, f. solicitude. 
Solitudo, mis, f. solitude. 
Solum, i, n. soil, land. 
Solum, adv. only. 
Solas, a, um, g. solius, adj. 

alone. 
Solvo, eie, solvi, solutum, v. 

a. to free, to relieve. 
Somnus, i, m. sleep., 
Soror, oris, f. a sister. 
Spartani, orum,m. Spartans, 
Species, ei, f. appearance, 

kind. 

Spectator, oris, m. a specta- 
tor. 
Spectrum, i, n. a ghost. 



SUP 
Speratus, a, um, part, from 

spero, expected, hoped for. 
Spero, are, v. a. to hope, to 

expect. 

Spes, ei, f. hope. 
Splendidus, a, um, adj, splen- 
did. 

Splendor, oris, m. brightness. 
S polio, are, v. a. to deprive, 

to destroy. 
Statuo, ere, ui, tutum, act. to 

resolve, determine. 
Strenue, adv. boldly. 
Studeo, ere, ui, v. n. to study. 
Studiosior, us, g. oris, adj. 

more studious : comp. from 
Studio sus, a, um, adj. studi- 
ous. 

Studium, ii, n. study. 
Stulte, adv. foolishly. 
Stultus, a, um, adj. foolish. 
Suadeo, ere, asi, asum, v. a. 

to persuade. 
Suavitas, atis, f. sweetness, 

pleasantness. 
Suaviter, adv. sweetly. 
Subduco, cere, uxi, uctum, v. 

a. to withdraw. 
Subsum, esse, fui, neut. verb 

to be near, to be. 
Suburbanus, a, um, adj. near 

the city. 
Succurro, ere, curri, cursum, 

v. n. to aid, to come to mind, 

to occur. 
Sudans, antis, part. pres. from 

sudo, sweating. 
Suflero, ferre, sustuli, subla- 

tum, irreg. v. to take away. 



Vocabulary. 



211 



SUP 

Sui, sibi, se, sese, pron, him- 
self, herself, itself. 
Sulla, ae, m. Sylla. 
Sum, esse, fui, v. n. to be. 
Summa, ae, f. a sum. 
Summus, a, um, adj. (super. 

of superus,) highest. 
Superatus, a, um, (part, from 

supero,) overcome,vanquish- 

ed. 
Supero, are, v. a. to overcome, 

to conquer. 
Superbus, a, um, adj. proud. 
Suplnus, a, um, adj. lying on 

the back, 
Suppeto, ere, petivi, ltum, v. 

a. to be, to be sufficient ; to 

permit. 



SYR 

Supplex, icis, adj. suppliant. 

Supplicium, ii, n. punish- 
ment. 

Surdus, a, um, adj. deaf. 

Surgo, ere, rexi, rectum, v. n. 
to arise. 

Suspicio, onis, f. suspicion. 

Sustento, are, v. a. to sustain, 
to bear up. 

Sustineo, ere, ui, tentum, v. a. 
to hold up, to support. 

Sutor, oris, m. a shoema- 
ker. 

Suus, a, um, pron. his, hers, 
his or her own. 

Syracuse, arum, f. pi. Syra- 
cuse. 

Syria, 33, f. Syria. 

T. 

THE 

Tempero, are, v. a. to govern, 
to restrain. 

Tempus, oris. n. time. Ex 
tempore, extemporaneously. 

Tenax, aeis, adj. firm, hold- 
ing fast. 



Tendo, ere, tetendi, v. a. to 



TEM 

Taceo, ere, cui, v. n. to be 

silent. 
Taedet, taeduit, taesum est, 

impers. v. it wearies. 
Talentum, i, n. a talent in 

money. 

Talis, e, adj. such, such like. 

Tarn, adv. so, as, so much. stretch, to reach out 
Tamen, conj. yet, still. Teneo, ere, ui, tentum, v. a 

Tandem, adv. at length, at to hold, to keep, 

last. [touch. Terra, ae, f. the earth, land. 

Tango, ere, tetlgi, v. a. fo.Terribilis, e, adj. terrible. 
Tanquam.adv.as if, just as if. Terror, oris, m. terror, fear. 
Tantum, adv. so much, so ma- Thebanus, a, um, adj. q, 

ny, only. Thebes. 

Tantus, a, um, adj. so great, Thebanus, i, m. a Theban. 

so much. Themistocles, is, m. Themis- 

Tarquinius, ii, m. Tarquin. tocles. 
Te\emkch\\s,i,m.Telemachus' Thesaurus, i, m. treasure. 
Temeritas, atis, f. rashness. IThessalia, ae, f. Thessaly. 



■i 



212 



Vocabulary. 



TRI 

Tiberius, ii, m. .Tiberius. 

Tibia, se, f. the leg. 

Timeo, ere, ui, (no supine,) 

v. a. and n. to fear. 
Timidus, a, um, adj. fearful, 

cowardly. 

Titius, ii, m, Titius. 
Tollo, ere, tolli,or sustuli, ir- 

reg. v. to take away. 
Tolior, tolli, irreg. v. to be ta 

ken away. 
Torqueo, ere, si, v. a. to twist 

to torment. 
Tot, adj.pl. (not declined,) so 

many. 
Totus, a, um, g. totlus, adj. 

all, the whole. 
Traho, ere, xi, v, a. to draw. 
Tranquillus, a, um, adj. tran 

quit, quiet. 
Transduco, ere,xi, ctum, v. a 

to transport, to carry across. 
Transeo, Ire, ii, Itum, v. a. to 

pass over. 
Transfero, ferre, tuli, v. a. to 

carry over, to remove. 
Transitus, us, m. a ford, a 

passage. 
Trepidus, a, um, adj. fearful, 

trembling. 
Tres, tria, adj. pi. three. 
Tribunus, i, m. a tribune. 



TYR 

TrMo, ere, ui, v. a. to give f 
to pay. 

Tridens, entis, m. a trident \ 
an instrument with three 
teeth. 

Trinacria, se, f. Trinacria, a 
name of Sicily. 

Tristis, e, adj. sad, sorry. 

Triumpho,are,v.n.fo triumph. 

Triumphus, i, m. a triumph. 

Triumvir, viri, m. a triumvir 7 
a Roman magistrate. 

Trojanus, a, um, adj. belong- 
ing to Troy, Trojan. 

Trucido, are, v. a. to kill. 

Tu, tui, tibi, pron. thou. 

Tullia, se, f. Tullia. 

Turn, conj. then. 

Turba, ae, f. a crowd. 

Turbatus, a, um, adj. and 
part, (from turbo,) disturb- 
ed, troubled. 

Turma, ae, f. a band, a troop, 

Turpis, e, adj. base, (turpior, 
issimus, baser, basest. 

Turpissime, adv. most shame- 

fidly, (super, of turpiter, 
comp. turpius.) 

Tutus, a, um, adj. safe ; comp. 
tutior, us, g. oris, safer. 

Tuus, a, um, pron, thy, thine. 

Tyrannus, i, m. a tyrant. 



u. 



ULC 

Ubi, adv. where, when. 
Ulciscor, isci, ultus sunij v. d. 
to avenge. 



ULT 

Ullus, a, um, g. ullius, adj, 

any, any one. 
Ultra, prep, and adv. beyond. 



Vocabulary. 



213 



URB 

Ultimus, a, um, adj. (super. 

of ulterior, farther ,) last, 

farthest. 

Ultro, adv. willingly. 
Ulysses, is, m. Ulysses the 

son of Laertes. 
Umbra, ee, f. a shadow. 
Una, adv. together. 
Unda, ae, f. a wave. 
Unde, adv. whence, from 

whence. 
Unicus, a, um, adj. only. 
Universus, a, um, adj. all, the 

whole. 
Unquam, adv. ever, at any 

time. 

Unus, a, um, g. unius, adj. one, 
Urbs, urbis, f. a city. 



UTO 

Urgeo, ere, rsi, v. a. to press 
on, to urge: 

Ursus, i,m. ahe-bear, a bear. 

Usque, adv. as far as, until. 

Usus, us, m. use, need. 

Ut, conj. and adv. as, when 
that. 

Utens, entis, part, from utor, 
using. 

Uterque, utraque, utrumque, 
gen. utriusque, adj. both, 
each. 

Utiiis, e, adj. useful. 

Utilitas, atis, f. utility, ad- 
vantage. 

Utlnam, adv. O that, I wish. 

Utique, adv. then, certainly. 

Utor,uti, usus sum, v.d. to use. 



V. 



VEN | 

Vacuus, a, um, adj. free, 

empty. 
Vagor, ari, atus sum, v. d. to 

wander. 
Valde, adv. very much. 
Vale, adv. farewell, 

adieu. 
Valeo, ere, ui, v. n. to be in 

health, to avail, to be able. 
Vanitas, atis, f. vanity. 
Varietas, tatis, f. variety. 
Varius, a, um, adj. various. 
Veho, ere, vexi, vectum, v. a. 

to carry, convey. 
Vei, eonj. or, even, either. 
Velum, i, n. a sail, avail. 
Vendo, ere, didi, ditum, v. a. 

to sell. 



VES 

Venia, 32, f. pardon, favor. 

Venio, Tre, veni, v. n. to come. 

Ventus, i, m. wind. 

Verbum, i, n. a word. 

Vere, adv. truly. 

Veritas, atis, f. truth. 

Vermiculus, i, m. vermin. 

Vero, conj. and adv. but, tru- 
ly, indeed. 

Verres, is, m. Verres. 

Versus, a, um, part, from ver- 
to, turning. 

Versus, us, m. a verse, a song. 

Verum, conj. but. 

Verum, i. n. truth. 

Verus, a, um, adj. true. 

Vescor, vesci, v. d. to live up- 
on, to eat. 



214 



Vocabulary. 



{ 



VIN 

Vester, tra, trum, adj. your, 
yours. 

Vestio, ire, Ivi, Itum, v. a. to 
clothe, to cover. 

Vestis, is, f. a gown, a robe. 

Vestltus, us, m. clothing. 

Veto, are, ui, Itum, v. a. to 

forbid. 

Vetus, veteris, adj. old, an- 
cient. 

Vetustas, atis, f. antiquity. 

Via, se, f. a way, a path. 

Vicissim, adv. by turns. 

Vicissitude*, mis, f. a change. 

Victor, oris, m. a conqueror. 

Victoria, se, f. victory. 

Victus, us, m. food, vict- 
uals. 

Victus, a, um, part, from vin- 
cor, conquered. 

Video, ere, vldi, visum, v. a. 
to see. 

Videor, eri, visus sum, to be 
seen, to seem; videntur, they 
seem. 

Viginti, adj. pi. (not declin- 
ed,) twenty. 

Villa, as, f. a village, a coun- 
try seat. 

Vincio, Ire, inxi, v. a. to bind. 

Vinco, ere, Ici, victum, v. a. 
to conquer. 



VUL 



Vinculum, i, n. a chain, a 

bond. 
Vinum, i, n. wine. 
Vir, viri, m. a man. 
Virgilius, ii, m. Virgil. 
Virtus, utis, f. virtue. 
Vis, vis, vim, vi, pi. vires, 

virium, f. force, strength, 

power. 

Vita, 33, f. life. 
Vitium, ii, n. vice. 
Vito, c«,re, v. a. to avoid, to 

forbid. 
Vivo, ere, vixi, victum, v. n. 

to live. 
Vix, adv. scarcely. 
Vocabulum, i, n, a word, a 

name. 

Voco, are, v. a. to call. 
Volo, velle, volui, irreg. v. to 

will, to be willing, to wish, 

page 89. 
Volucris, is, f. a bird. 
Voluntarius, a, um, adj. vol- 
untary. 
Voluntas, htis.f.will, lesire. 
Voluptas, atis, f. pleasure. 
Vox, vocis, f. a voice, a 

word. 
Vulpes, is, f. a fox. 
Vultus, us, m. a countenance, 

appearance. 



x. 

Xerxes, is, m. Xerxes, king of Persia. 



*6 12 



